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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM Bulletin 160
VOLUME 12
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE BIOLOGY OF THE PHILIPPINE ARCHIPELAGO AND ADJACENT REGIONS
THE FISHES OF THE FAMILIES BANJOSIDAE, LETHRINIDAE, SPARIDAE, GIRELLIDAE, KYPHOSIDAE, OPLEGNATHIDAE, GERRIDAE, MULLIDAE, EMMELICHTHYIDAE, SCIAENIDAE, SILLAGINIDAE, ARRIPIDAE, AND ENOPLOSIDAE COLLECTED BY THE UNITED STATES BUREAU OF FISHERIES STEAMER “ALBATROSS,” CHIEFLY IN PHILIPPINE SEAS AND ADJACENT WATERS
BY HENRY W. FOWLER
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1933
ADVERTISEMENT
The scientific publications of the National Museum include two series, known, respectively, as Proceedings and Bulletin.
The Proceedings series, begun in 1878, is intended primarily as a medium for the publication of original papers, based on the collec- tions of the National Museum, that set forth newly acquired facts in biology, anthropology, and geology, with descriptions of new forms and revisions of limited groups. Copies of each paper, in pamphlet form, are distributed as published to libraries and scientific organi- zations and to specialists and others interested in the different sub- jects. The dates at which these separate papers are published are recorded in the table of contents of each of the volumes.
The series of Bulletins, the first of which was issued in 1875, contains separate publications comprising monographs of large zoological groups and other general systematic treatises (occasionally in sev- eral volumes), faunal works, reports of expeditions, catalogues of type specimens and special collections, and other material of similar nature. The majority of the volumes are octavo in size, but a quarto size has been adopted in a few instances in which large plates were regarded as indispensable. In the Bulletin series appear volumes under the heading Contributions from the United States National Herbarium, in octavo form, published by the National Museum since 1902, which contain papers relating to the botanical collections of the Museum.
The present work forms No. 100, volume 12, of the Bulletin series.
ALEXANDER WETMORE, Assistant Secretary, Smithsonian Institution.
Wasuineton, D.C., April 17, 1938.
II
CONTENTS
Page
itroductions-<-s2224+-s- fapchaa ha a dnl oe nh xix my me RARE SN SUNS SEU es ot 1 AI GSIOAE Se = Be gas sara she eee eee eee 2 Genus, Banjos, Bleeker 5 Sx sacqees sao oO eee me ARG Haren nC ea Na ae ee nf peti A EE ee See ¢ Genus ethrinus- Cuvier ss oso 9 Ne on Oe eee 4 Subgenus-bethrenella-Kowler.=<---45--24U Ses Se Oe eee 8 Subgenus Lethrinichthys Jordan and Richardson-__-------------- 11 Subgenus.Lethrinus, Ciuviek «<== = 522-2022 oa EYP eee 13 Genus, Neolethrinus Castelnau --= ----28 203k) SY Oey Se 63 RT CUO ia ee on nt Ra SEE Soe eee oe 64 Genus Symonorus ‘Ginthers - 2-2. =. 2 SRN 8! PP ee 65 Genus. Pentapodus.Quoy-and-Gaimard = 22 > Wh De eae 69 Subgenus Pentapodus Quoy and Gaimard____________________- 71 Pstlopentapodus, new. subgenus=2 = ===" 2<9-.252525255522_- 22% 83 Genus seynagrs Gunther ©3306 >- 2oek . ORM a! See ee ee 84 Subgenus synagrie Gunther oe) ver, Sony Seen 87 SubgenusiOdontoglyphis Fowlers. 22204 Borel Be 114 Genus Denter- Cuvier. .23sss4-ssSeseres secs serensscctocc rs 116 pubgenus: Denier Cuvier. =---=-2s2128U het See Tei See Pel 119 Subgenus Taius Jordan and Thompson. --_------------------ 120 Subgenus. Vemipierus Swainson_= <== es ONS See ee 128 Subgenus: Polysteganus-Klunzinger_-=*2-2*_"2 2 _* 222s 128 Genus Gymnocrantus Klunzinger2-<222 2222 [SS 52 22 ee 129 Subgenus: Paradenter Bleecker se 2O8_O2 Tse. Se ee oe 130 Subgenus Gymnocranius Klunzinger._ =._--.2...---.2--_-.-_- 133 Genus Monotass- Bennett >.5+ -- 2-42 5222S Nas Oe ess 134 Genus Chrysophrys Quoy and Gaimard.-=-==:2s222-222222.222222° 138 (SEMIS PATGTANS SWANSON Ss +545 5.)= 5 = SOIL BT ee ee 143 Gents Spars Lanngeus 22-24-2242 55- 0 eee 145 Subgeniis..Sparus'-Linnaeus== = 25255. es ee ee 148 Subgenus Chrysoblephus Swainson______._________________-_-_- 153 Dulosparus, new subpenuss-- ee, I Se) eee 168 Genus .Boopsotdea Castelnquss-- 2-225 scccce22 ete eS 169 Genus. Eeynnts: Jordan.and-Thompson >= =2s2s22222222220 000 32 2 176 Genus ieagellis..Cuniet.- =<5 12 oo + NORTE OMS ee yen eee 171 Subgenus, Pagellus Cuyiersi ai oeit Besse ek Sr 172 Subgenus Lithognathus Swainson__2_2-_.-- 2 22 2 2 - 173 Genus Piplodus Raftinesque=-s2 ---4< 552-7729 Sree ee 175 Subgenus. Diplodus Rafinesquesss-2222.22222 02 5 ee 175 Rhabdosasgus, new- subgenus-= 42 =-252-- 20k eee 178 Genus Runtazzo. Bleeker. 22-255 ss255- 250 > OOS 179 Genus Beeps: Cuvaer. JUaOnOts Bit Sag ORIG Shee ey iy se 180 Genuanounia: DONADGESOS 612 4s anette te ee ee A 181
LV; BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Sparidae—Continued. Page Genus Spondyliosoma Cantor _-_--------------------------------- 182 Subgenus Spondyliosoma Cantor- - -------------------------- 183 Simocantharus, new subgenus------------------------------- 185
Genus Gymnocrotaphus Giimther-_------------------------------- 185 Girellidae. §-. 2 ee a ee ee ae ee 186 Genus Girella Gray._-...- 0 253-2 2-2 2--- - 4-2 187 Subgenus Girella Gray ------------------------------------- 188 Subgenus Melanichthys Schlegel -- - -------------------------- 191 Subgenus Girellops Regan- --------------------------------- 196
Genus Tephraeops Giinther__-_----------------------~--------=-- 197 Genus Melambaphes Ginther._-__-_- =. 2-2 ae ee 198 Genus lroteracaninus Gunthers== = - 5) =e 23 eee 199 Genus Crenidens Valencienness- -=---.------=445423-6-26224+-=85 200 Genus Pripterodon Playfair... _-s25-.4¢ 23 se eed eee — 202 Kyphosidse.. <2. = poche ee Efe ee ee le = eS ee 203 Genus Kyphosus,Lacépede- —_ — sabe e ee et See = 203 Subgenus Kyphosus Lacépéde.------.--b422") ase See 205 pubgenuslOprstnistius | Gillaeoees SO ee ee ee eee Dt
Genus Pachymetopon Giinther:® 2 224222. 22- saSSeb2! seeeeieen St ee 214 Genus: Secfator Jordan and. Feslerss+..5J3-G2 22220. sehesess See 215 Genus: Coracinus: GronoWic4220 544-5430) coker eth een tee 215 Oplernathidae._.. -.---- ~~ Se er ene rn ee 217 Genus Oplegnathus Richardson_=- -.-__._--—-_ s2a2ahet seeee = Se 217 Subgenus Oplegnathus ‘Richardson 22-4 ~2-* -22e.228 eae sas ee 218 Subgenus Searostoma: Kners 22 43859! sae Se eee eee 219 (rerrrdne 36 p32) 2 hie 8. 9 ee oo os a Lye na apy Mal ele gel ene 225 Genus Gerres Quoy and. Gaimard_..--- =. sesGe8* aes) eee 226 Subgenus Gerres Quoy and Gaimard------------------------- 229 Subgenus Synisivus Gill_-— - 2 a = sea so Ok a eee 246 Subgenus Pertica ‘Fowler: 44263324: eese asst tee ee 248 Genus-Diapterus Ran amie << 22 6 a oh eR iy ol ae pel oe a 253 Genus Gerreomorpha Alleyne and Macleay___-_____-___-----_----- 254 Genus: Pentaprion Bleeker =... s25- 2 2o20_ nee se ee) See 256 Genus. Parequula Steindachner_—_ Fee ees cee pa 257 WMigllidise* 2 = 22 eee Se el oe Pen de nee 258 Genus Uneneichthys Bleeker— =. 2 2)... 522 Sa eee Spee -t 259 Genus Malloidichthys Whitley. 02 20 ee ee at Pi 261 Genus. Pseudupeneus Bleeker. — = -2 = 2 apes pe ey ee 271 Subgenus Parupeneus Bleeker... 2.23 e Fo ei et eee ee 273 Subgenus Pseudupeneus Bleeker___-~---=<-- cce—sseecuuue_- 302
Genus Upeneus Cuvier... 22. = 2 nn teat) samen eee 318 Prmmenchthyidse 2-2". 2 oa 8 Le es ee 2 AAT, phlg een 344 Genus Emmelichthys Richardson...._2.-—.-_—- .<-iyr2 gate ane 344 Subgenus Hmmelichthys Richardson__-.___-.._.--_---------_- 345 Subgenus Boxraodon Guichenotes-t=e3- acdeeeuel a’ spade —- 345
Genus Dipterygonotus Bleeker... _-_— -_ =~ e2asecibeO aphealeett epee 346 Genus Jnerniia Posy: .-_ 2 2... 3 ga aaa ee ak bole ete 347 Genus Prythnocics Jordan... 2.2 _ |. Cesena a sees epee ae Oe 348 Genus Plagiogenton: Forbes... ...-.-_ |. +n-taalfl exontautl aan 350
CONTENTS Vv
Page
See IPL CRED OU erty re Ee IS 5 nes 2 ee ee Pe es 2S 351 (GemusgOloiinesnO Kena 2 4 ee rere & aye mene tee es Ses OL 353 SOP eRUSsOLOltRes OKON! oe secs 2 ee oe en 354 PCROLOLULLUS FNEWASUD LCDUS! = nee = ye nee ee ee Le be 359
Pavia eaew Remus? ety pb cote TE ES TE ede tle Te 360 Genus) Coliichihys Gunther. asus e ts ees gee roth. Fe ht A Seeley 2 361 Otolithotdes: new; COWS» tas a5 SNE SCN RE i eg a ee 364 Reet eT EVORCS OTE Calth er rcp ne ne ee Se et ee 367 CRs. FE RCRGORClaena DICeKer == os ee Ui wera Rawle OED 368 Genus Wonniusy BlOCh jas 2 5 ay 7 2 See oe Bic ee SU Er ee fel edae 1 Nt 370 (Semlis/ Stuer, banwuinGuns ee So Je AREY AN YT As fe BET” MAPS Lhe as. 407
DMD ReRUS COC GINNRCUR no ao eee ee 408 Subgenus Ctenosciaena Fowler and Bean-----_---------------- 414
uid Sear TEIN ELE ete ee ae a ea ee ge pe 1 ae fee ee Ly 415 PECTS ST! Pr FM GO TR BT ot gm marr ter dt i line a i Oe 9 AY 415 SUBPEHURUSIHAGO CIUWNetes Sie ene. oe Reta hes eps ae 416 IagINONOGYS, NEW SUD PCRS. 2) rife al 2 eg ee ge 2 430
ETITIS US CULE TILOG CSt Cll lene a ee ee ee ee ek eye ee 431 [GenA OTHOginopses: Grllg oe? Mee ed SS YR ee 432
Ja NCTE OIG FEV) ta ale Big Ta A re ON pe: RI eS a ORE a EP 433 Genus irri is Jel yma to fare EE Eas ee BU ar ae D 433 BINGO Pl OSIGAC= eek pL eu Meat apts ek Spates of Bea ea gh 2 ees Peta 436 SEINE AIG TORRES WC COG peek oS Na ap af es ie De oe, 437
IAN Nee eee ek Oe gee ka ca pS ee ERE ee as yeah cl Pha ee P gases Baty ct 439
ILLUSTRATIONS
Lethrinus miniatus (Schneider), young; upper figure, head; Woe lebilas = See. oe = eee ee
. Lethrinus harak (Forskal), VOUN Gs nn ee a a ee . Lethrinus kallopterus Bleeker, young_---------------------- . Lethrinus nebulosus (Forsk&l), young. -.-------------------
Lethrinus variegatus Valenciennes, young_------------------
. Lethrinus genivittatus Valenciennes, young-_-----------------
Symphorus spilurus Giinther. Three figures of variation--_-
Pus PUTS DETUG MOLSKalsVOUNP. 680 Oe Le) ee oe . Oplegnathus fasciatus (Schlegel), young-------------------- . Oplegnathus fasciatus (Schlegel), variation_____-__---------- . Oplegnathus insignis (Kner), young . Oplegnathus punctatus (Schlegel), young . Gerres lucidus Cuvier, young . Gerres abbreviatus Bleeker, young . Gerres poieti Cuvier, young . Gerres oyena (Forskal), young . Gerres oblongus Cuvier, young . Gerres filamentosus Cuvier, young . Pseudupeneus pleurospilos (Bleeker), young . Pseudupeneus barberinoides (Bleeker), young . Pseudupeneus barberinus (Lacépéde), young . Pseudupeneus indicus (Shaw), young . Pseudupeneus orientalis, new species. Type . Pseudupeneus trifasciatus (Lacépéde), young . Pseudupeneus fraterculus (Valenciennes), young . Pseudupeneus porphyreus Jenkins, young . Upeneus bensasi (Schlegel), young . Upeneus luzonius Jordan and Seale, young . Upeneus moluccensis (Bleeker), young . Upeneus sulphureus Cuvier, young . Upeneus vittatus (Forsk&l), young . Upeneus tragula Richardson, young
VI
Page
22
31
35
40
42
66 159 220 221 223 225 229 233 235 239 243 250 274 277 284 289 294 297 303
~ 310
322 325 329 331 336 341
THE FISHES OF THE FAMILIES BANJOSIDAE, LETHRINIDAE, SPARIDAE, GIRELLIDAE, KYPHOSIDAE, OPLEGNATHIDAE, GER- RIDAE, MULLIDAE, EMMELICHTHYIDAE, SCIAENIDAE, SILLAG- INIDAE, ARRIPIDAE, AND ENOPLOSIDAE COLLECTED BY THE UNITED STATES BUREAU OF FISHERIES STEAMER “ALBATROSS,” CHIEFLY IN PHILIPPINE SEAS AND ADJACENT WATERS
By Henry W. Fow.er Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
INTRODUCTION
THE PRESENT work forms the fifth part of my studies of the fishes of the Albatross collections. It concludes the main percoid series, and, like Part 4, embraces a great number of valued food or market fishes. Most of the localities given pertain to the Philippines, though the other localities in the Netherlands Indies, China, Formosa, and Oceania visited by the Albatross are included as well. The prefatory remarks given in the preceding volumes will largely apply here also, especially those pertaining to the great services rendered under Dr. Hugh M. Smith’s direction.
In the family Sparidae the following are herein described as new:
Psilopentapodus, new subgenus___-___--_--_----- Pentapodus. Dilosparushnew Subgenus — 222 a5-k oe eee ec Sparus. Rhabdosargus, new subgenus_________________-_- Diplodus. Simocantharus, new subgenus______________-_-_- Spondyliosoma.
In Kyphosidae:
Kyphosus bleekeri, new species. (New specific name for Pimelepte- rus lembus, not Cuvier, and Pimelepterus waigiensis, not Quoy and Gaimard, but both of Bleeker.)
In Mullidae: Pseudupeneus orientalis, new species. In Sciaenidae:
Otolithoides, new genus.
Pterotolithus, new subgenus____-______-_______-_- Otolithes. Pama, new genus.
In Sillaginidae: Sillaginopodys, new subgenus_________--_-___-__- Sillago.
2 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
The numbers of the specimens examined are, unless otherwise specified, those originally designated by the Albatross expedition. Specimens so numbered are deposited in the United States National Museum, but have not yet been given catalogue numbers. This also applies to specimens listed in Bulletin 100, volumes 7, 8, 10, and 11. All figures in this volume were drawn by the author.
In naming type localities, where more than one locality is given the first named is to be considered as the type locality.
Family BANJOSIDAE
Body deep, strongly compressed. Head moderate, compressed, pointed. Eye large, rather high, little advanced. Mouth moderate. Maxillary largely or completely sheathed by deep preorbital. Teeth in bands in jaws, outer short and thick, none villiform. Vomer with villiform teeth, palatines toothless. Nostrils small, near eye, close together. Preopercle edge forms right angle. Opercle spineless, with only one soft point. Gill membranes separate and free from isthmus. Gills 4, large slit behind fourth. Pseudobranchiae large. Branchiostegals 7. Scales small, finely ctenoid. Lateral line com- plete, moderately arched. Spinous dorsal high, membranes deeply notched at margin, spines long, flattened, graduated low posteriorly. Soft dorsal similar, only much smaller. Anal with second spine much longest, robust. Soft anal small, low. Caudal little emarginate. Paired fins subequal, latter with long strong spines.
One genus. Small fishes evidently allied with the family Poma- dasyidae, differing chiefly in the long flattened dorsal spines.
Genus BANJOS Bleeker
Banjos BuEEKER, Arch. Néerland. Sci. Nat. Harlem, vol. 11, p. 277, 1876. (Type, Banjos typus BLEEKER, orthotypic.)
Anoplus (not SCHONHERR, 1826) ScHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., pt. 1, p. 17, 1842. No specific name given. (Type, Anoplus banjos RicHARDSON.)
Body rather short, back somewhat elevated. Head with nearly straight steep front profile. Snout deep, compressed, ends in low point. Mouth low, little inclined, jaws equal. Interorbital with 2 low longitudinal ridges. Preorbital deeper than long. Preopercle edge very finely serrated. Gill rakers short, thick, lower 14 on first arch. Scales small, on soft dorsal, anal, and caudal bases. Fine scales on cheek. Upper or front surface of head naked. Dorsal spines 10,rays12. Anal spines3,rays7. Caudal peduncle moderate.
BANJOS BANJOS (Richardson)
Anoplus banjos Ricuarpson, Ichth. China Japan, p. 236, 1846 (type locality: Sea of Japan). (On Scuiece.)—Ginruemr, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, p. 264, 1859 (Japan).—SrTerinpACHNER and D6pERLEIN, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math.-nat. K1., vol. 48, p. 7, pl. 4, fig. 1, 1884 (Tokyo).—Ny- sTrOM, Bihang kon. Svensk. Vet. Akad. Handlingar, Stockholm, vol. 13, No. 4,
FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE SEAS AND ADJACENT WATERS 3
p. 9, 1887 (Nagasaki). —Jorpan and SnypER, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 23, p. 357, 1900 (Tokyo); Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 3, p. 82, 1901 (Yokohama and Nagasaki).—JorDAN and EvERMANN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 25, p. 351, 1902 (Formosa).—JorpDAN and Ricuarpson, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 4, No. 4, p. 188, 1909 (Formosa).
Anoplus ScHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., pt. 1, p. 17, pl. 8, 1842 (type locality: Japan).
Banjos banjos JoRDAN and TuHompson, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 41, p. 540, fig. 2, 1912 (Tokyo); Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 6, No. 4, p. 255, fig. 27, 1914 (Misaki).—IzuKa and Matsuura, Cat. Zool. Spec. Tokyo Mus., Vertebr., p. 150, 1920 (Tateyama, Boshiu).—Jorpan and Husss, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 10, No. 2, p. 238, 1925 (Misaki).—Scumipt, Trans. Pacific Comm. Acad. Sci. U. 8. 8. R., vol. 2, p. 65, 1931 (Nagasaki; Kagoshima; Misaki).
Banjos typus BuerKxer, Arch. Néerland. Sci. Nat. Harlem, vol. 11, p. 277, 1876 (no locality). (On Anoplus banjos RicHARDSON.)
Anoplus maculatus (D6DERLEIN) STEINDACHNER and D6pERLEIN, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math.-nat. K1., vol. 48, p. 7, 1884 (name in text; MS. name for young) (type locality: Tokyo).
Depth 2; head 2%, width 2%. Snout 2% in head; eye 2%, 1Mo in snout, greater than interorbital; maxillary reaches eye, expansion 2% in eye, length 2% in head; teeth simple, conic, outer row slightly en- larged, in about 5 or 6 irregular series transversely in jaws; triangular band of rather large, low, obtuse teeth on vomer; interorbital 4%o, nearly level; preopercle edge denticulate, several of denticles little enlarged at angle. Gill rakers 6+15, lanceolate, 1} in gill filaments, which 2% in eye.
Scales 55 in lateral line to caudal base and 6 more on latter; tubes 40 in lateral line to caudal base and 4 more on latter; 12 scales above lateral line, 21 below, 10 rows on cheek to preopercle ridge. Scales with 9 or 10 basal radiating striae; 37 apical denticles, with 7 trans- verse series of basal elements; circuli fine.
D. X, 12,1, third spine 1% in head, second ray 2); A. III, 7, 1, sec- ond spine 1%, second ray 2%; caudal 1%, slightly emarginate behind; least depth of caudal peduncle 3%; pectoral 1%; ventral 1.
Light brown, with about 8 obscure ill-defined longitudinal darker bands, paler intervals on lower and under surfaces of head and body whitish. On front of head 2 dark-brown bands cross interorbital con- necting eyes and medially also connected by short dark-brown bar; 2 bands across snout and one across occipital, besides 2 others above on predorsal. Iris pale yellowish. Spinous dorsal membranes dark brown, dusky marginally and large blackish blotch over eighth and ninth. Soft dorsal pale, with two brown blotches and large black apical blotch. Hind preopercle edge dusky in emargination, with two obscure dark bands over each lobe. Anal pale, blackish on spi- nous membranes terminally, over most of last one and first soft dorsal membrane. Pectoral pale. Ventral largely blackish on membranes, especially terminally.
Formosa, Japan.
4 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
U.S. N. M. No. 38817. Tokyo market. Educational Museum of Japan. Length, 133 mm. Family LETHRINIDAE
Body ovate or oblong, compressed. Head compressed, pointed. Mouth low, terminal, little inclined, protractile. Maxillary without supplemental bone, mostly slips below deep preorbital. Upper teeth of jaws laterally uniserial, conic or molar and inner anterior teeth villi- form. Palate and tongue toothless. Nostrils paired. Gill mem- branes broadly united, free from isthmus. Gills 4, slit behind fourth. Pseudobranchiae present. Gill rakers short, knoblike. Scales cte- noid, moderate in size. Lateral line simple. Subocular shelf vestig- ial or small. Pyloric coeca few. Cheeks naked. Top of head naked. Ventral with axillary scale. Dorsal continuous, soft and spinous parts subequal. Anal like soft dorsa]. Dorsal spines 10. Caudal emarginate or lunate. Ventral thoracic, with spine and 5 rays.
"Tropical shore fishes, greatly suggestive of the families Lutjanidae and Pomadasyidae, but the head naked. Al! but one species in the Indo-Pacific.
ANALYSIS OF GENERA
Gey LNRARININAR eal ate edentulous 262540. sas eee ee Lethrinus. a?. NEOLETHRININAE. Whole roof of mouth and palate covered With sinall’molanrteetheesss. ae oe eee Ae Neolethrinus.
Genus LETHRINUS Cuvier
Lethrinus Cuvier, Régne Animal, ed. 2, vol. 2, p. 184, 1829. (Type, Sparus choerorhynchus SCHNEIDER, designated by JorpDAN and TuHompeson, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 41, p. 558, 1912.)
Schour Forsx&u, Descript. Animal., p. 45 (52), 1775. Atypic. [Type, Sciaena nebulosa ForsKAL, assumed by vernacular schaur (inadmissible) .]
Maina GisteL, Naturg. Thierreich, p. ix, 1848. (Type, Sparus choerorhynchus ScuneipER. Maina Gistex proposed to replace Lethrinus Cuvier, regarded preoccupied by Lethrus Scorout, 1777, in Coleoptera.)
Lethrinella FowuEr, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, ser. 2, vol. 12, p. 529, 1904. (Type, Sparus miniatus ScHNEIDER, orthotypic.)
Lethrinichthys JorpaN and TuHompson, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 41, p. 558, 1912. (Type, Lethrinus nematacanthus BLEEKER, orthotypic.)
Body oblong, compressed. Head large. Snout moderate to long and pointed. Maxillary concealed. Preorbital deep. Palate tooth- less. Scales rather large, finely ctenoid. Cheeks and upper surface of head scaleless. Tubes in lateral line simple. Dorsal spines 10, rays 8. Anal spines 3, rays 8.
A large genus with more or less homogeneous species, many imper- fectly described, and this fact added to the subtle differential char- acters often renders them difficult of determination. Variation with
age is often extensive, the lateral conic teeth of the young becoming large or molarlike with age.
FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE SEAS AND ADJACENT WATERS 5
Apparently the following doubtful species, without length and imperfectly described, belongs in the present genus:
LETHRINUS IMPERIALIS De Vis
Lethrinus imperialis pe Vis, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland, vol. 1, p. 146, 1884 (1885) (type locality: Moreton Bay):—SavitLe-Kent, Great Barrier Reef, pp. 286, 369, 1893 (reference).
Depth less than 3 in total, form oval; head still less. Snout 1% in head, produced, rather concave above; eye 5. Canines 4 above, 4 below; lateral teeth conical, not contiguous; no posterior canine. Scales 50 in lateral line; 4 above, 16 below; head above naked to nape; opercle scaly ; cheek naked, but posteriorly impressed on surface as by imbedded scales. D. X, 9, first spine short, third more than thrice second and longest; A. III, 5, third spine longest; caudal forked. Light purplish red, most scales of back purplish at base. Upper part of head stained scarlet, which forms pale curved band across occiput and intense one bounding orbit below and running over hind nostril. Gape and within mouth, band across pectoral base, and axillary patch bright scarlet. First dorsal and anal greenish, passing into red toward edge. Caudal broadly tinted red. Pectoral light red. Ventral scarlet at base, rays violet, and webs brownish purple. (De Vis.)
Queensland.
The following two species are quoted from McCulloch’s Check List, 1929, as I am unable to consult the originals:
LETHRINUS CINNABARINUS Richardson
Lethrinus? cinnabarinus RicHaRDsON, Icon. Pise., p. 8, pl. 4, fig. 2, 1843 (type locality: Houtmans Abrolhos, Western Australia).
LETHRINUS CYANOXANTHUS Richardson
Lethrinus? cyanoxanthus RicHarpson, Icon. Pisc., p. 7, pl. 4, fig. 1, 1843 (type locality: Houtmans Abrolhos, Western Australia).
Saville-Kent has introduced the following nomina nuda:
LETHRINUS LACHRYMANS Saville-Kent Lethrinus lachrymans Savitue-Kent, Great Barrier Reef, p. 369, 1893 (type locality: Queensland). LETHRINUS MARGARITIFER Saville-Kent Lethrinus margaritifer SavituE-Kmnt, Great Barrier Reef, p. 369, 1893 (type locality: Queensland). LETHRINUS REGIUS Saville-Kent
Lethrinus regius SaviLLE-Kent, Great Barrier Reef, p. 369, 1893 (type locality: Queensland), LETHRINUS viRipIs Saville-Kent
Lethrinus viridis Savitun-Kent, Great Barrier Reef, p. 369, 1893 (type locality: Queensland).
6 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
a', LETHRINELLA.
ANALYSIS OF SPECIES
Snout extremely long and pointed; maxillary but halfway
to eye; young with black blotch behind gill opening---~------ miniatus. a2, Snout moderate, not greatly elongated; maxillary more than halfway in
snout.
b!. LerHRInicutuys. Second dorsal spine longest, filiform; black blotch behind gill opening.____------------2-~=.-4+--=<5 nematacanthus.
b2. LETHRINUS.
Second dorsal spine not elongated.
cl. Black lateral blotch present on body. d'. Ten or eleven dark vertical bands, broken axially; small round black spot above middle of pectoral; body slender-_------ amboinensis. d?. Vertical bands when present not as above. e!. No dark vertical band on cheek. f'. Dark lateral blotch persistent. g'. No whitish median axial line on body.
h!, Black lateral blotch variable from behind gill opening to above hind part of pectoral____-------- hypselopterus. h2. Black blotch behind pectoral end; dark vertical bars varia- ble, reticulate; body rather slender__-_---_- reticulatus. h3. Large black blotch at pectoral end____-_-.--------- harak. h4. Large black blotch above middle of pectoral____ atkinsoni. h®, Small black blotch before middle of pectoral____ frenatus. g?. Usually more or less complete median whitish axial line and several others above and below_-_----------- kallopterus. f?. Dark lateral blotch fading with age; each scale with white SO up sen se eee a Sad Cie ee Se EC Be nebulosus. e?. Dark vertical band on cheek; body rather slender. a, Dark vertical band on cheek_____-__------- variegatus. 7, Broad dark vertical band on cheek; another on pre- ODERGION tetera te ah comet eae een Mee genivittatus. e*. Dark vertical band on cheek; body deeper-_------ punctulatus.
c?, No black lateral blotch on body.
j'. Second dorsal spine not longer than others. k'. No black spot on temple. Lt. Snout moderate. m'!. No bluish streaks before eye. n'. No oblique green bands on cheek. o'. Head not darker, nor greatly contrasted with body.
p'. No longitudinal bands on body; anal longer than high; 5 scales above lateral line.
q'. Each scale of body with white, golden,
or dark spot.
rl, Depth 2% to 2%___ haematopterus.
7, Depth'2%i252 choerorhynchus.
r. Depth 2334308 enem mahsenoides.
q. Each scale of back with black vertical basal streak; depth 21.
chrysostomus.
FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE SEAS AND ADJACENT WATERS 7
p?. Body with longitudinal bands, sometimes made up of spots.
s!, Axial pale longitudinal band, an-
other parallel below__-- ramak.
s?. Five or six reddish or yellow longi-
tudinal lateral bands
erythrurus.
s3, Three blue-violet parallel bands
above lateral line, below each
scale row with longitudinal brown
Linge. WA GET: striatus.
st. Each scale of body with dark spot, forming longitudinal series
croceopterus. o?. Head darker or greatly contrasted with body. ti. Head with dark blotches. xanthochilus.
#2, Head dark, except pale opercle; each scale above lateral line with dark streak__ carinatus.
#3. Head uniformly dark, contrasted with body.
ul. Depth 2% to 2%; 5 scales above
lateral line_____- mahsena.
u2. Depth 2% to 2%; 6 scales above
lateral line___-_- leutjanus.
n2. Five oblique green bands on cheek. olivaceus. m2, Bluish streaks before eye; pectoral 1% in
heddew Sus os Lie ae: DL LOT microdon. &- Shout shorts] Pee ae Ba borbonicus. i2)Black' spot.on temple: .UL2s223_ 2 ae lee caeruleus.
j?. Second dorsal spine longest___------------- argenteus.
8
BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Subgenus LETHRINELLA Fowler LETHRINUS MINIATUS (Schneider) FiaureE 1
Sparus miniatus (FORSTER) SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, p. 281, 1801 (Pacific
Ocean).—LicutTEensTEIN, Descript. Animal. Forster, p. 289, 1844 (Namock Island, New Caledonia).
Aurata miniata CLoquett, Dict. Sci. Nat., vol. 12, p. 553, 1818 (reference). Lethrinus miniatus VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 6, p. 315, 1830
(on ScuNEIDER).—Brevoort, Narr. Exped. China Japan Perry, vol. 2, p. 265, 1856 (Lew Chew).—Gtnruer, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, vols. 2-38, pts. 5-6, p. 63, 1874 (Red Sea, East Indies, Upolu).—BLEEKeEr, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 8, p. 121, 1876-1877 (Java, Bali, Celebes, Batjan, Ceram, Amboina, Banda, Waigiu, New Guinea).—KuunzinceEr, Fische Roth. Meer., p. 38, pl. 7, fig. 2, 1884.—Day, Fishes of India, Suppl., p. 787 (note), 1888; Fauna Brit. India, Fishes, vol. 2, p. 37, 1889.—Fow Ler, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, ser. 2, vol. 12, p. 529, 1904 (Padang).—Srein- DACHNER, Sitz. Ber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math.-nat. K1., vol. 115, pt. 1, p. 1385, 1906 (Upolu, Samoa).—Seate and Bran, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 33, p. 244, 1907 (Zamboanga).—SovuTHWELL, Ceylon Administr. Rep., 1912-13, pp. E41, E48-E45, E48, E51 (Ceylon pearl banks).—ZuGMAYER, Abh. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., math.-phys. K1., vol. 26, pt. 6, p. 11, 1913 (Mekran and Oman).—Matpas, Ceylon Administr. Rep., 1921, p. E7.—Barnarp, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 21, pt. 2, p. 632, 1927 (Natal coast, Delagoa Bay, Mozambique).—HeErrE and Monraxpan, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 33, No. 4, p. 402, pl. 1, fig. 3, 1927 (Polillo Island, Manila, Calapan, Tablas, Bantayan Islands, Subic Bay, Agutaya, Dipolog, Zamboanga, Tandubas Island)—Fow.Lrer, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 216, 1928 (Palmyra, Marcus, Nukuhiva, Fakarava, Easter Islands; not Tahiti and Tempe speci- mens); Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929 (1930), p. 609 (Hongkong), p. 642 (Padang and Nukuhiva).—Scumipt, Bull. Acad. Sci. U.S. S. R., 1930, p. 545 (Okinawa, Riu Kiu).—Fow.trr, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 11, No. 5, p. 335, 1931 (reference).
Lethrinella miniata JonDAN and Seauz, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 25, p. 270, 1905
(1906) (Apia).—KENDALL and GoLpsBorovucH, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 26, p. 291, 1911 (Rangiroa and Fakarava).
Lethrinus rostratus (KuHL and VAN HassELT) VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss.,
vol. 6, p 296, 1830 (type locality: Batavia) —GinruEr, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, p. 454, 1859 (Moluccas, Amboyna, Ceram, Ceylon).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 1, p. 134, pl. 33, fig. 1, 1875 (Bombay).— BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 8, pl. (3) 309, fig. 8, 1876-1877.—Mryer, Anal. Soc. Espafi. Hist. Nat., Madrid, vol. 14, p. 19, 1885 (North Celebes).—Sa- VILLE-KENT, Great Barrier Reef, pp. 286, 369, pl. 15, fig. 83, 1893 (Wide Bay district)—WerseEr, Semon’s Zool. Forsch. Reis. Austral., Malay Arch., vol. 5, p. 264, 1895 (New Guinea).—Kernpatu and Rapcuirre, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 35, p. 117, 1912 (Rikitea, Mangareva, Gambier Islands).— PELLEGRIN, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, vol. 39, p. 229, 1914 (Nossi Bé, Mada- gascar).—Matpas, Ceylon Administr. Rep., 1921, pp. E7, E8—Duncxrr and Mour, Mitteil. Zool. Mus. Hamburg, vol. 44, p. 66, 1931 (St. Matthias, Ekalin).
Lethrinus longirostris Puayrarr, Fishes of Zanzibar, p. 44, pl. 7, fig. 2, 1866
(type locality: Zanzibar)——Boutrneer, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1887, p. 658 (Muscat).
Lethrinus ramak (not ForsK&L) Kuunzineer, Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien, vol.
20, p. 752, 1870 (Red Sea).
FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE SEAS AND ADJACENT WATERS 9
Lethrinus acutus KuunzineER, Fische Roth. Meer., p. 39, pl. 7, fig. 1, 1884 (type locality: Koseir)—StTEINDACHNER, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math.-nat. K1., vol. 71, pt. 1, p. 1388, 1907 (Tamarida, Sokotra).—Fow.emr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1925, p. 242 (Delagoa Bay).
Depth 2% to 3%; head 2% to 2%, width 2% to 3. Snout 1% to 3% in head; eye 3% to 7%, 1% to 4% in snout, greater than interorbital in young to 1 to 2 with age; maxillary reaches to % to eye, not to front nostril, length 2% to 3 in head; lips broad, fleshy, coriaceous; teeth in broad villiform bands anteriorly in jaws, outer row enlarged and conic with 4 front ones in each jaw slight canines, all laterals strongly conic; interorbital 4 to 54 in head, broadly and slightly convex in young, nearly level to slightly concave with age; naked region of head with fine striae or skin finely rugose. Gill rakers 4+ 5, short low tubercles, about % of gill filaments.
inaeg 7 yy
EO )
ss Sit i SOY)
BOK SBA) FBR
9
FIGuRE 1.—Lethrinus miniatus (Schneider), young; upper figure, head; lower, detail
Scales 44 to 48 in lateral line to caudal base and 1 or 2 more on latter; 6 above, 15 or 16 below, 9 predorsal; caudal and pectoral bases finely scaled. Scales with 12 to 18 basal radiating striae, with 2 to 23 incomplete auxiliaries; 110 to 244 apical denticles, with 5 to 8 trans- verse series of basal elements; circuli fine.
D. X, 9,1, fourth spine 2% to 3% in head, fourth ray 3 to 3%; A. III, 8, 1, third spine 3% to 4, first ray 3% to 3%; caudal 1% to 1%, deeply emarginate; least depth of caudal peduncle 3% to 3%; pectoral 1% to 1%; ventral 1% to 1%.
Brown generally, paler to whitish below. Head deeper or drab- brown, pale below. Each scale on body with slightly darker margin. Iris golden brown. Fins brown, vertical ones mottled or obscurely spotted with deeper brown.
10 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Red Sea, Zanzibar, Mozambique, Portuguese East Africa, Natal, Madagascar, India, Ceylon, East Indies, Philippines, China, Riu Kiu, Melanesia, Micronesia, Polynesia. Easily known among all the species of its genus by its very long attenuated snout, broad lips, and conic teeth. Moreover, it reaches a large size, Klunzinger giving 820 mm as maximum length.
Valenciennes says of Lethrinus olivaceus: ‘The spinous dorsal is yellowish, edged orange, with golden yellow spots and large olive spots at the base of each spine. Soft dorsal membrane golden, also same of pectoral and caudal. Rays of these fins yellow. Anal and ventral yellowish.”’ :
One example. Atulayan Bay, Luzon. June 17, 1909. Length, 83 mm.
8647. Biri Channel. June 22, 1909. Length, 544 mm.
15274. Canmahala Bay, Ragay Gulf, Luzon. March 11,1909. Length, 240 mm.
5543. Cataingan, Masbate. April 18, 1908. Length, 233 mm. Back dark olive-green. Top of head more or less slaty, sides and lower portions paler. Centers of scales light, edges forming color, except on upper side where scale centers irregularly blue and on middle of side borders of scales with brownish tinge, forming more or less ill-defined stripes. Side of head with umber shades; blue stripe from eye to front nostril; bluish under eye carried downward across front of cheek to mouth corner as slaty stripe; similar stripe across preorbital parallel. Vertical fins olive-green, reddish terminally on membranes. Caudal with obscure reddish bars irregular. Pectoral hyaline straw, first or upper- most ray blue. Ventral olive, front edge bluish.
5552. Cataingan. April 19, 1908. Length, 265 mm.
5164 and 5165. Iloilo market. June 1, 1908. Length, 198 to 218 mm.
21163. Jolo market. February 11, 1908. Length, 80 mm?.
5963. Little Santa Cruz Island. May 26, 1908. Length, 686 mm. Olivaceous above, whitish below, margins of scales darkest. Maxillary and premaxillary membranes scarlet. Inside mouth posteriorly scarlet. Membrane of soft dorsal reddish. Anal less so. Slight reddish tinge on caudal tips.
8508. Makesi Island, Palawan. April 5, 1909. Length, 280 mm.
22567. Malecochin Harbor, Linapacan Island. December 19, 1908. Length, 69 mm.
21611. Matnog Bay. May 31, 1909. Length, 103 mm.
20442 to 20444. Nato River, Luzon. June 19, 1909. Length, 98 to 106 mm.
19476 and 19477. Port Caltom, Pangauron River. December 16, 1908. Length, 65 to 185 mm.
6348. Port Jamelo. July 13, 1908. Length, 204mm. Olive and dusky above, pale below. Cheek and preorbitals with dusky. Side more or less washed with yellow. Vertical fins slightly marked with crimson on membranes. Ventral fins dusky. Pectoral brassy.
7076. Port San Pio Quinto. November 11, 1908. Length, 303 mm. Dark olivaceous, paler below. Side of head with blackish speckling, also little on side of body. Inside mouth scarlet. Fins slightly reddish or orange ter- minally. Pectoral scarlet in upper base and in axil. Scarlet blotch on gill opening under point of pectoral.
8979. Rapu-Rapu Island. June 22, 1909. Length, 680 mm.
8902. Rasa Island, Lagonoy Gulf. June 17, 1909. Head and part of trunk; head, 195 mm long.
22291, River at Port Dupon, Leyte. March 17, 1909. Length, 115 mm.
FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE SEAS AND ADJACENT WATERS Ill1
18620, 18623 [1285]. Saboon Island, Ragay Gulf, Luzon. March 10, 1909. Length, 140 to 168 mm. Olive and silver gray, olive forming oblique streaks on side of head, more or less parallel to upper contour; on sides as irregular blotched bars more or less connected as network. Vertical fins very pale olive; dorsal more or less blotched with translucent reddish, becoming quite bright on tips of hind spinous rays; anal yellowish with paler blotches; caudal olive, with vermilion shades at edge in fork. Pectorals very pale clear yellow. Ventrals white externally, internally olive. No red about gill opening. Roof of mouth inside posteriorly red.
4899. Siasi Island Market. February 17, 1908. Length, 360 mm. Generally dull silvery, clouded with olive. Maxillary and adjoining membranes scarlet, also upper back part of mouth inside. Iris silvery, mottled with dusky. Dorsal clouded with dusky, blotch of pale vermilion on each membrane, becoming brighter posteriorly. Anal pale, with dusky and orange mottlings on mem- branes. Caudal dusky, with pale purplish shades, with four transverse rows of dark spots on membranes in crotch and tips of rays pinkish. Pectorals very pale straw yellow. Ventrals dusky.
6160. Tonquil Island, east of Gumila Reef. September 14, 1909. Length, 190 mm.
A461. Tulnalutan Island. September 9, 1909. Length, 475 mm.
A699. Si Amil Island, Borneo. September 26, 1909. Length, 390 mm.
13535. Makyan Island. November 29, 1909. Length, 160 mm.
A1403. Tampotana Island. December 21, 1909. Length, 257 mm.
20957. Tomahu Island. December 11, 1909. Length, 112 mm.
A1332. Tomahu Island. December 12, 1909. Length, 328 mm.
A1215. Gomomo Island. December 3, 1909. Length, 357 mm.
A876, A877. Limbe Strait, Celebes. November 10, 1909. Length, 288 to 533 mm.
A1606. Nafa, Okinawa, Riu Kiu. February 7, 1910. Length, 533 mm. Oliv- aceous whitish below. Mouth scarlet. Dorsal and anal membranes reddish with round gray spots on soft dorsal and anal, but on anal red shows more as spots. Caudal reddish at tip. Ventrals dusky above.
U.S.N.M. No. 58022. Zamboanga. Dr. E. A. Mearns. Length, 232 to 278 mm. Two examples.
U.S.N.M. No. 65557. Lat. ‘53° 59’ 11’’ N., long. 166° 25’ 09’’ W.” (evidently erroneous locality?). Albatross collection 1910 (No. 3312). Length, 575 mm. As Lethrinus rostratus.
U.S.N.M. No. 65898. Tuamotu Islands. Albatross collection. Length, 447 mm.
A.N.S.P. No. 27632. Padang, Sumatra. A. C. Harrison and H. M. Miller. Length, 300 mm. When fresh in arrack grayish brown above, whitish below. Narrow gray longitudinal lines along body, line to each row of scales. Four large ill-defined or diffuse gray-brown blotches along side. Inside gill opening orange red. Iris yellowish. Fins dilute olivaceous, slightly grayish dusky. Edges of caudal and anal pale. Pectoral pale olive, axil pale orange. Ventral pale olive-gray, dusky terminally.
Subgenus LETHRINICHTHYS Jordan and Thompson
LETHRINUS NEMATACANTHUS Bleeker
Lethrinus nematacanthus BLEEKER, Nat. Tijds. Nederland. Indié, vol. 6, p. 403, 1854 (type locality: Nagasaki); Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Japan), vol. 26, p. 90, pl. 6, 1857.—Guntuer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, p. 456, 1859 (Louisiades).—BurErker, Nederland. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 4, p. 327, 1873
134789—33——2
12 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
(Amboina and Kiusiu)—ALLEYNe and Macueay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 1, p. 275, 1877 (Cape Grenville and Pipon Islands) .— Buerker, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 8, p. 114, pl. (59) 337, fig. 3, 1876-1877 (Amboyna).—Meyer, Anal. Soc. Espafi. Hist. Nat., Madrid, vol. 14, p. 18, 1885 (North Celebes; Cebu).—Savitie-Kent, Great Barrier Reef, p. 369, 1893 (Queensland).—JorpDAN and SNYDER, Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 3, p. 80, 1901 (Nagasaki) —EverMann and Seve, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 26, p. 86, 1906 (1907) (Bulan).—Jorpan and THompson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 41, p. 559, 1912 (Wakanoura, Tokyo, Bulan, Moreton Bay).—Weper, Siboga Exped., Fische, vol. 57, p. 288, 1913 (Makassar) .— Fow.nr, Copeia, No. 57, p. 64, 1918 (Philippines) —Izuxa and Matsuura, Cat. Zool. Spec. Tokyo Mus., Vertebr., p. 149, 1920 (Ogasawarajima).— Fow.uer, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1927, p. 281 (Philippines).— Herre and MontaxBaN, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 33, No. 4, p. 401, pl. 1, fig. 2, 1927 (Calapan, Bulan, Dicuayan, Estancia, Bantayan, Siquijor, Subie Bay, Dipolog, Cagayan de Misamis).—McCuutocu, Fishes of New South Wales, ed. 2, p. 61, 1927.—Fow irr, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 215, 1928 (note).
Letrinus nemacanthus Evera, Cat. Fauna Filip., vol. 1, p. 482, 1895 (Cebu). (Error.)
Lethrinus xanthopterus VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 6, p. 315, 1830 (type locality: Ulea).
Depth 2% to 3%; head 2% to 2%, width 2% to 2%. Snout 1% to 24 in head; eye 3% to 4%, 14 to 2 in snout, greater than interorbita] in young to 1 to 1% with age; maxillary reaches front nostril or nearly to hind nostril with age, length 2 to 2% in head; bands of villiform teeth in jaws and outer enlarged row, as 4 front upper canines and 2 lower front ones, and 5 upper postero-laterals as small molars, lower subconic; interorbital 3% to 4, very slightly convex. Gill rakers 5+ 5, short low tubercles, greatly less than gill filaments, which 2% in eye.
Scales 46 or 47 in lateral line to caudal base and 2 or 3 more on latter; 5 or 6 above, 15 below, 8 predorsal. Scales with 12 to 15 basal radiating striae; 63 to 73 apical denticles with 8 to 12 transverse series of basal elements; circuli fine.
D. X, 9, 1, second spine 1% to 2 in head, first ray 2% to 3; A. III, 8, 1, third spine 3% to 3%, first ray 3 to 3%; caudal 1% to 1%, deeply emarginate; least depth of caudal peduncle 3 to 3%; pectoral 1%; ventral 1% to 1%.
Brown, paler below. Dusky blotch little smaller than eye, below lateral line well behind gill opening. Head vermiculated with little deeper brown, especially on cheeks. About 8 or 9 transverse dark streaks on body, variably broken in most specimens. Several transverse dark bands across front and interorbital. Iris slate gray. Dorsals grayish, with obscure dusky spots, mostly on spines and rays. Caudal with 4 or 5 transverse brown crossbars. Other fins brown.
East Indies, Philippines, Riu Kiu, Formosa, Japan, Queensland, Melanesia. Known chiefly by its second dorsal spine longest.
FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE SEAS AND ADJACENT WATERS 13
22745. Capunuypugan Point, Generale Island, east coast Mindanao. May 9, 1908. Length, 89 mm.
20272. Cataingan Bay, Masbate. April 18, 1908. Length, 72 to 98 mm. Three examples.
10711 to 10713. Cataingan Bay, Dumurug Point, Masbate. April 19, 1908. Length, 59 to 107 mm. Twelve examples.
22132 [1905] to 22134. Cebu market. September 4,1909. Length, 93 to 105mm.
Fifteen examples. Surigao, Mindanao. May 8, 1908. Length, 34 to 88 mm.
U.S.N.M. No. 59747. Susaki, Japan. Dr. H. M. Smith. Length, 100 mm. As Lethrinus richardsonii.
U.S.N.M. No. 75504. Wakanoura. Jordan and Snyder. Bureau of Fisheries (No. 0201). Length, 190to194mm. Two examples.
Four examples, A.N.S.P. Calapan, Mindoro. Rev. Joseph Clemens. Length, 130 to 147 mm?.
Subgenus LETHRINUS Cuvier
LETHRINUS AMBOINENSIS Bleeker
Lethrinus amboinensis BLEEKER, Nat. Tijds. Nederland. Indié, vol. 6, p. 490, 1854 (type locality: Amboina).—GtntTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, p. 455, 1859 (Amboina).— Kner, Reise Novara, Fische, p. 80, 1865 (Nico- bars).—GwtnTHER, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, vol. 2-3, pts. 5-6, p. 63, 1874 (Pelew Islands)—Martens, Preuss. Exped. Ost-Asien, p. 387, 1876 (Ter- nate).—BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, pl. (38) 311, fig. 3, 1873-1876; vol. 8, p. 116, 1876-1877 (Amboina, Flores, Ceram).—ScHMELTz, Cat. Mus. Godeffroy, No. 8, p. 5, 1881 (East Indies).—Jorpan and SEALE, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 26, p. 24, 1906 (1907) (Cavite) —Jorpan and Ricu- ARDSON, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 4, No. 4, p. 189, 1909 (Takao, For- mosa).—SEALE, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 5, No. 4, p. 277, 1910 (Sanda- kan).—Snyp_ErR, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, p. 500, 1912 (Okinawa) .— WEBER, Siboga Exped., vol. 57, Fische, p. 288, 1913 (Malahia, Nusa Laut).— OsuiMA, Jap. Journ. Zool., Trans. Abstract, vol. 1, No. 5, p. 181, 1927 (com- piled) —Herrre and Montaxsan, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 38, No. 4, p. 404, pl. 2, fig. 1, 1927 (Orani, Tondo, Calapan, Bacon, Concepcion, Dipo- log) —Fow.er, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 216, 1928 (part; not Apia specimen).—Scumipt, Trans. Pacific Comm. Acad. Sci. U. 8. 8. R., vol. 1, p. 49, 1980 (Kominato, Riu Kiu)—Duncxker and Monr, Mitteil. Zool. Mus. Hamburg, vol. 44, p. 65, 1981 (Liebliche Island, southwest coast New Pomerania). Lethrinus jagorii Pretmrs, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1868, p. 257 (type locality: Paracali, Luzon).—BLEEKER, Nederland. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 4, p. 332, 1874 (compiled). Depth 3%; head 2%. Snout 2 in head; eye 3%, 1% in snout; maxil- lary reaches % to eye, length 2% in head; teeth conic; interorbital low. Scales 48 in lateral line, 5 above, 15 below, predorsal scales extend- ing forward opposite hind eye edge; few small scales on postocular. D. X, 9 or 10, third spine 2% in head, fifth ray 2%; A. III, 8 or 9, third spine 3%, first ray 24%; caudal 1%, slightly emarginate; least depth of caudal peduncle 3; pectoral 1%; ventral 1%. Olivaceous above, below yellowish rosy. Iris yellowish. Snout and cheek without spots or lines. Above middle of pectoral below lateral line round blackish brown blotch. Ten or 11 transverse dark
14 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
bands on body. Fins golden or yellowish pink, except pectoral rays all marked with dark spots. Length, 115mm. (Bleeker.)
East Indies, Philippines, Micronesia. Herre and Montalban report it to be 131 mm in length.
LETHRINUS HYPSELOPTERUS Bleeker
Lethrinus hypselopterus BuerKer, Nederland. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 4, p. 326, 1873 (type locality: Benculen, Sumatra; Singapore, Java, Obi Major, Solor, Waigiu) ; Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 8, p. 114, pl. (52) 330, fig. 3, 1876- 1877 (Sumatra, Singapore, Java, Obi Major, Solor, Waigiu).—WEBER, Semon’s Zool. Forsch. Reis. Austral., vol. 5, p. 265, 1895 (Ambon).—EveEr- MANN and Seaue, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 26, p. 86, 1906 (1907) (Philip- pines).—Herre and Montasan, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 33, No. 4, p. 419, pl. 4, fig. 1, 1927 (Zamboanga and Davao; Tambagaan and Bungau Island).—Fow.er, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1927, p. 282 (Santa Maria, Calapan); Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 216, 1928 (compiled).
Depth 2% to 2%; head 2% to 2%, width 2% to 2%. Snout 1% to 2% in head; eye 3 to 4%, 1% to 2% in snout, greater to 14 in interorbital with age; maxillary reaches opposite front nostril or about % in snout, 2% to 2% in head; lips broad, coriaceous; broad bands of villiform teeth in jaws, with outer row in each enlarged and usually conic, as 4 canines in front of each and last 3 to 5 each side as broad molars; interorbital 3% to 4%, broadly convex; cheek and most naked region of head with fine weak striae, on cheek as vertical parallel lines, other- wise as finely venulose. Gill rakers 2 to 5+5 or 6, short stout tuber- cles, little less than gill filaments.
Scales 42 to 46 in lateral line to caudal base and 2 to 5 more on latter; 5 to 7 above, 14 or 15 below, 7 to 9 predorsal; caudal and pec- toral bases finely scaled. Scales with 12 to 18 basal radiating striae, with 1 to 4 medial auxiliaries; 87 to 155 apical denticles, with 4 to 8 transverse series of basal elements; circuli very fine.
D. X, 9, 1, fourth spine 2% to 3 in head, fourth ray 2% to 2%; A. III, 8, 1, third spine 2% to 3, third ray 2% to 2%; caudal 1% to 1%, emarginate; least depth of caudal peduncle 2% to 3; pectoral 1 to 1%; ventral 1% to 1%.
Largely pale brownish, little paler below or on abdomen. Head little darker brown than body. Vertical fins rather dark, especially caudal, which are dusky basally. Paired fins dull brown. Iris dark brown.
Kast Indies, Philippines. Differs from Lethrinus haematopterus Schlegel in that the back is not so elevated anteriorly and the soft dorsal and anal also not so elevated. Especially is the anal higher than long, while in L. haematopterus it is noticeably longer than high.
Bleeker had five specimens, 220 to 260 mm. My specimens agree with his figure, though several features are conspicuous in alcoholic materials which he does not show. Thus the outer or anterior large lateral nuchal scales are quite dark brown and much contrasted. Also
FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE SEAS AND ADJACENT WATERS 15
the caudal is very dark over its basal half or two-thirds. The two dark transverse reddish basal lines Bleeker shows are not distinct at present in any of my specimens. In the present species the first anal ray is longer than the soft anal base.
A few of my specimens differ in their dark coloration, nearly or largely uniform chocolate-brown, except some pale spots on each side of the abdomen posteriorly. The coloration is quite variable in alcoholic specimens. Usually there is a dark to blackish blotch, sometimes a little smaller than the eye or again even larger than the eye. Its position is variable, for it may be rather close behind the gill opening or about first third of pectoral, over middle of pectoral or over hind part of pectoral. One, two, or even three dark blotches may occur. Some specimens show vertical transverse dark bars, and these 5 to 10.
8139. Alibijaban Island, Ragay Gulf, Luzon. March 6, 1909. Length, 290 mm.
13505, 16007, 16011, 17702 to 17704, 19270. Alimango Bay, Burias Island. March 5, 1909. Length, 123 to 210 mm.
6501. Balikias Bay, Luzon. July 17, 1908. Length, 262 mm.
A504. Balukbaluk Island, south of Zamboanga. September 12, 1909. Length, 305 mm.
18921. Batan Island. June 5, 1909. Length, 132 mm.
8668. Biri Channel. June 22, 1909. Length, 313 mm.
7445, 7446, 10587 to 10589, 19774. Bolalo Bay, Malampaya Sound, Palawan Island. December 21, 1908. Length, 47 to 289 mm.
12216. Bugsuk Island, Balabac. January 5, 1909. Length, 154 mm.
5599, 5600, 5631, 5676, 15984. Busin Harbor, Burias Island. April 22, 1908. Length, 154 to 508 mm.
15190. Busin Harbor. March 7, 1909. Length, 216 mm.
21941. Cagayan, Jolo. January 8, 1909. Length, 68 mm.
7789. Candaraman Island, Balabac. January 4, 1909. Length, 255 mm.
8278. Canmahala Bay, Luzon. March 11, 1909. Length, 303 mm.
12737. Capulaan Bay, Pagbilao Island. February 24, 1909. Length, 133 mm.
8722, 8724. Caracaran, Batan Island. June 28, 1909. Length, 262 to 290 mm.
5538. Cataingan Bay, Masbate. April 18, 1908. Length, 305 mm. On upper surface of body centers of scales dusky olive, broadly bordered with brownish olive; middle of side more or less tinged with orange-brown. Indistinct dusky bars transversely on side become more distinct posteriorly, two crossing caudal peduncle. Under surface of body paler than back. Top of head slate, with orange blotch above and behind eye; reddish area on occipital region, another before eyes and again on snout; pale vermilion bar across preorbital; premaxil- lary membrane and mouth angle vermilion, also roof and floor of mouth. Iris orange. Dorsal dull red, becomes vermilion posteriorly. Anal similar, but lighter. Caudal and paired fins reddish, membranes clear.
8581, 20572. Catbalogan, Samar. April 15, 1908. Length, 98 to 107 mm.
7741, 7742. Caxisigan Island, Balabac. January 2, 1908. Length, 297 or 298 mm.
7485, 18837, 19798. Endeavor Strait, near anchorage. December 22, 1908. Length, 75 to 267 mm. Reddish preorbital bar and red bars on side.
5736. Generale Island, Capunuypugan. May 9, 1908. Length, 223 mm.
7278. Gigoso Point, Quinapundan Bay, Samar Island. July 28, 1909. Length, 207 mm.
20512. Guijulugan, east coast Negros. April 2, 1908. Length, 45 mm.
16 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
7439. Guntao Island. December 20, 1908. Length, 292 mm.
6109. Iloilo market. June 1, 1908. Length, 270 mm. Obscure transverse bronzed stripes on side. Crimson streak across top of eyeball, on opercle flap and behind preopercle. Dorsals and caudal more or less vermilion. Anal and pectorals pale orange.
6036 to 6038. Little Santa Cruz Island. May 28, 1908. Length, 287 to 310 mm.
8366, 8372. Malapascua Island. March 16, 1908. Length, 284 to 288 mm. Side of head and body above with brassy shades extending over olive-green, which fades entirely after death but remains on head. No stripes on head, mouth membranes and inner surfaces scarlet, not extending to gill openings. Red tinge between temporal bands of scales. Dorsals bright scarlet or vermilion terminally and posteriorly. Anal vermilion. Caudal mostly yellow, vermilion at tips. Pectoral rays bright vermilion, membranes mostly transparent. Ventrals very pale, slightly reddish on rays.
6179, 16402, 16403. Mansalay, Mindoro. June 4, 1908. Length, 102 to 269 mm.
7225, 7226. Masinloc Bay, Port Matalvi, Zambales. November 22-23, 1908. Length, 227 to 277 mm. Dusky yellowish shades above, fading to more or less brassy, most distinct in smaller example. Broad scarlet or bronze stripe across preorbital, from eye to snout, below nostril. Bronze and orange mark- ings around and behind eye. Inside mouth, also maxillary membranes, scarlet. Irregular transverse obscure bars of vermilion on sides, only last three, or one from dorsal to anal axis and two on caudal peduncle, distinct; on side of body bars more or less fusing and extend very little below axial line. Fins vermilion.
4566, 11354, 16901. Mompog Island. March 3, 1909. Length, 140 to 227 mm. Young with seven ill-defined dark vertical bands, often more intense or deeply tinted second band as dark blotch below lateral line above depressed pectoral. Whole body with more or less pale or light spots, one at base of each scale.
6231, 6232. Medio Island, Galera Bay, Mindoro. June 9, 1908. Length, 285 to 288 mm. Bronze or crimson preorbital bar. Orange postocular shade. Fins more or less crimson.
22604. Observatory Island. December 19, 1908. Length, 55 mm.
5892, 7945, 9614, 14290 [1149], 19968, 22080, 22081. Pagapas Bay, Luzon. February 20,1909. Length, 122 to 250 mm. [1149.] Back dark, smoky olive, forming seven indistinct bars over upper side and upper part of caudal pe- duncle. Mouth angle scarlet. Postocular portion of preopercle yellowish. Hind opercle edge orange. Margins of soft dorsal and anal, and caudal tips, vermilion. Caudal dusky vermilion largely, fading pure hyaline on inner mar- gin. Pectorals orange, axil scarlet, and tips of outer rays bluish white.
5891 or 5892. Polloc, Mindanao. May 22, 1908. Length, 243 to 248 mm.
8005, 8006, 8019. Port Banalacan, Marinduque. February 23, 1909. Length 210 to 270 mm.
8199. Port Busin, Burias Island. March 8, 1909. Length, 222 to 253 mm. Two examples.
7385. Port Caltom, Busuanga Island. December 15, 1908. Length, 283 mm.
6333, 6344. Port Jamelo. July 13, 1908. Length, 233 to 300 mm. [6833.] Back olivaceous, lower parts dusky silvery; sides tinged with reddish bronze, forming three transverse bars across caudal peduncle. Occipital V, at supra- orbital and postorbital regions, orange. Bronze red bar across preorbital. Inside mouth and premaxillary membranes scarlet. Fins vermilion. Pectoral axil bright vermilion. [6344.] Olivaceous above, dark silvery below, and side more or less washed brassy with six transverse bronze orange bands. Supraor- bital and suborbital regions somewhat crimson. Preopercle and opercular margins crimson. Head with yellowish shades below. Dorsal and caudal ver-
FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE SEAS AND ADJACENT WATERS ie
milion, other fins yellowish. Anal very pale orange terminally. Pectoral bright yellow.
15334, 20068. Port Palapag. June 3, 1909. Length, 212 to 258 mm.
7406, 7407. Port Uson, west of Pinas Island, Basucayne. December 17, 1908. Length, 255 to 263mm. _ Bronze red across preorbital. Bronze orange behind eye, across tip of opercle and behind upper angle. More or less diffuse transverse lateral bars, only distinct posteriorly or as two on caudal peduncle and one below soft dorsal. Fins with vermilion shades.
8775. Quinalasag Island. June 12, 1909. Length, 270 mm.
7054. Romblon Harbor, Romblon. March 25, 1908. Length, 105 mm.
5588. San Miguel Harbor, Ticao Island. April 21, 1908. Length, 308 mm.
8705. San Miguel Island. June 4, 1909. Length, 288 mm.
12214, 12215, 14171. Santa Cruz Island, Marinduque. April 24, 1908. Length, 170 to 178 mm.
A639, A640. Simaluc Sibi Sibi Island, north of Tawitawi. September 23, 1909. Length, 290 to 535 mm.
A545. Sulade Island. September 17, 1909. Length, 377 mm.
5724, 5725. Surigao, Mindanao. May 8, 1908. Length, 297 to 340 mm.
7843. Taganak Island, Jolo Sea. January 7, 1909. Length, 273 mm.
7356, 9518. Tara Island. December 15, 1908. Length, 133 to 275 mm.
4910. Tataan, Simaluc Island. February 19, 1908. Length, 280 mm.
4920. Tataan. February 20, 1908. Length, 254 mm.
5820. Tataidaga Point. May 15, 1908. Length, 244 mm.
6427, 6467. Tilig, Lubang. July 14, 1908. Length, 300 to 310 mm.
7654. Ulugan Bay, Oyster Inlet. December 28, 1908. Length, 276 mm.
6667, 20829. Varadero Bay, Mindoro. July 23, 1908. Length, 164 to 220 mm.
7145. West coast Palaui Island. November 18, 1908. Length, 280 mm.
6087. Zamboanga market. May 29, 1908. Length, 312 mm.
21327. Uki, Bouro Island, Dutch East Indies. December 9, 1909. Length, 98 mm.
20837. Tomahu Island. December 11, 1909. Length, 97 mm.
13510, 19792. Gomomo Island, Pitt Passage. December 3, 1909. Length, 117 to 140 mm.
17694. Limbe Strait, Celebes. November 10, 1909. Length, 143 mm.
A906. Limbe Strait, Celebes. November 11,1909. Length, 430 mm. Few scat- tered black spots, little less than pupil, on sides of body.
A1040. North of Malibagu Point, Celebes. November 21, 1909. Length, 283 mm.
9723. Kayoa Island. November 29, 1909. Length, 1385 mm.
14414. Talisse Island. November 9, 1909. Length, 95 mm.
A1399. Tampotana Island. December 21, 1909. Length, 240 mm.
A1605. Nafa, Riu Kiu Islands. February 7, 1910. Length, 358 mm.
U.S.N.M. No. 56202. Bureau of Fisheries (No. 4169). Length, 257 mm.
U.S.N.M. No. 75896. Borneo. H.C. Raven. Length, 153 mm.
U.S.N.M. No. 75897. Borneo. H.C. Raven. Length, 246 mm.
A.N.S.P. No. 52800. Calapan, Mindoro. Rev. Joseph Clemens. 1923. Length, 142 mm.
The following represent the dark phase of this species. All are nearly uniform chocolate-brown, except some pale spots on each side of the abdomen in alcoholic specimens mostly posteriorly:
8031. Capulaan Bay, Luzon. February 24, 1908. Length, 254 mm.
8723. Caracaran, Batan Island. June 28, 1908. Length, 318 mm. 6036. Little Santa Cruz Island. May 28, 1908. Length, 305 mm.
18 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
8065. Mompog Island. March 3, 1909. Length, 250 mm.
7975. Pagapas Bay. February 20, 1908. Length, 263 mm.
5747. Capunuypugan Point, Generale Island, east coast of Mindanao. May 10, 1908. Length, 298 mm.
5293. Romblon Harbor, Romblon. March 25, 1908. Length, 223 mm. Back light hooker green; orange-brown spot on central posterior portion of each scale, form as 4 rows above lateral line, more diffuse below lateral line and on hind part of body, giving rise to 4 broad cross bars grounded in dusky of which 2 on caudal peduncle; on lower portion of body some of scales tipped with red- dish; breast and belly dusky; lower sides dusky and silvery in blotches. Head dusky green; orange stripe from eye across preorbital to premaxillary, diffusing across nose; interorbital region with orange brown spots; bright yellow blotch behind eye, color continued across forehead brownish; opercle flap with brown- ish; end of premaxillary and mouth angle scarlet; inside mouth posterior and upper portions scarlet to brown, side variously crossed by dusky transverse bars. Fins all vinaceous-red. Pectoral axil brown, also reddish blotch below axil.
5725. Surigao, Mindanao. May 8, 1908. Length, 335 mm.
4911. Tataan, Simaluc Island, Tawitawi Group. February 19, 1908. Length, 280 mm.
5818, 5819. Tataidaga Point, Pujada Bay, Mindanao. May 15, 1908. Length, 235 to 259 mm. Back generally yellowish green; scales bordered with ochra- ceous-brown, become paler below, almost white on breast with some yellowish shades. Variable blackish bars cross sides of body with centers of scales nearly sepia. Bronze behind and over eye. Brown occipital crescent. Forehead and snout with orange spots. Preorbital with reddish bar. Cheek bluish, mottled with yellowish green. Fins vermilion.
LETHRINUS RETICULATUS Valenciennes
Lethrinus reticulatus VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 6, p. 298, 1830 (type locality: New Guinea)—GitntTuer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, p. 457 (compiled), 1859.—Marrtens, Preuss. Exped. Ost-Asien, p. 387, 1876 (Laren- tuka, Flores).—BuLrEKxeEr, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 8, p. 116, pl. (52) 330, fig. 1, 1876-1877 (Celebes, Ternate, Batjan, Amboina, Banda, New Guinea).—KiunziInGmR, Sitz. Ber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math.-nat. K1., vol. 80, pt. 1, p. 357, 1879 (Endeavor River, Port Denison).—Meryer, Anal. Soc. Espafi. Hist. Nat., Madrid, vol. 14, p. 19, 1885 (Kordo, Mysore).—Fow.LeEr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1927, p. 281 (San Fernando, Orion, Philippines); Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 32, No. 4, p. 709, 1928 (Ceylon); Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 213, 1928 (Guam, Moen, Suva); Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929 (1930), p. 609 (Hong Kong), p. 642 (Guam); Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 11, No. 5, p. 334 (reference), 1931.
Lethrinus moensii BLEEKER, Nat. Tijds. Nederland. Indié, vol. 9, p. 435, 1855 (type locality: Obi Major, Batjan)—Gutnruer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, p. 455, 1859 (Copang, Louisiades); Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, vol. 2-3, pts. 5-6, p. 64, pl. 46A, 1874 (Paumotu, Society, Friendly, Samoa, Hervey, Kings- mills, Pelew, Louisiades, Molucca Islands).—BuiEerKkerr, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 8, p. 115, pl. (19)297, fig. 3, 1876-1877 (Batjan, Obi Major, Timor).—Scume.tz, Cat. Mus. Godeffroy, No. 6, p. 12, 1877 (Pelew Is- lands).—P6ut, Cat. Mus. Godeffroy, No. 9, p. 29, 1884 (Pelew Islands).— Meyer, Anal. Soc. Espafi. Hist. Nat., Madrid, vol. 14, p. 19, 1885 (Kordo, Mysore).—EvrerMann and Sratg, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 26, p. 86, 1906 (1907) (Bacon); Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 31, p. 509, 1906 (Jolo).—JoRDAN and RicHarpson, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 27, p. 259, 1907 (1908) (Calayan) .— KeNDALL and Gotpsporoucu, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 26, p. 290,
FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE SEAS AND ADJACENT WATERS 19
1911 (Suva, Fiji) —Fow ter, Copeia, No. 57, p. 64, 1918 (Philippines); Bishop Mus. Bull. 22, p. 10, 1925 (Guam).
Lethrinus moensi BuEEKER, Nederland. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 4, p. 328, 1873 (Batjan, Obi Major, Timor).—Snyper, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, p. 500, 1912 (Okinawa).—Bravrort, Bijd. Dierk., Amsterdam, vol. 19, p. 123, 1913 (Samana, Sula Islands) —Hrrre and MontTa.san, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 33, No. 4, p. 400, pl. 1, fig. 1, 1927 (Legaspi, Calapan, Bulalacao Bay, Tablas, Romblon, Dumaguete, Balabac, Zamboanga).
Lethrinus genivittatus (not VALENCIENNES) Puayrair, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1867, p. 853.
Lethrinus variegatus (not VALENCIENNES) EVERMANN and SEALE, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 26, p. 86, 1906 (1907) (San Fabian).
Lethrinus miniatus (not SCHNEIDER) FowLer, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 216, 1928 (Tahiti and Tempe specimens).
Depth 2% to 3; head 2% to 2%, width 2% to 2%. Snout 2 to 2% in head; eye 3 to 4, 1 to 1% in snout, greater than interorbital in young to subequal with age; maxillary reaches opposite front nostril, length 2%4 to 34 in head; band of villiform teeth in each jaw and outer row of larger conic teeth, 4 slight canines anteriorly in each jaw and 4 to 6 enlarged or semimolar teeth each side posteriorly in each jaw; inter- orbital 3% to 4, slightly convex. Gill rakers 5+ 5, low tubercles.
Scales 42 or 43 in lateral line to caudal base and 3 or 4 more on latter; 6 above, 15 below, 8 predorsal. Scales with 14 to 16 basal radiating striae; 65 to 72 apical denticles, with 7 or 8 transverse rows of basal segments; circuli fine.
D. X, 9, 1, fourth spine 2% to 3% in head, fourth ray 2% to 2%; A. III, 8, 1, third spine 2% to 3%, second ray 2% to 3; caudal 1% to 1%, deeply emarginate; least depth of caudal peduncle 3 to 3; pectoral 1% to 1%; ventral 1% to 1%.
Brown, on back and upper surfaces each scale with slightly darker border. Head below, belly, and abdomen whitish. About seven or eight vertical diffuse slightly dark bands on back and sides, mostly as intensified dark edges to scales. Iris gray-brown. Dorsals and cau- dal grayish, other fins paler. Anal and ventrals more or less whitish.
Ceylon, East Indies, Philippines, China, Riu Kiu, Queensland, Micronesia, Melanesia, Polynesia. Known by its much more deeply emarginate or lunate caudal than in Lethrinus harak, also upper pro- file of snout slightly convex. The dark blotch at the end of the de- pressed pectoral is always with dark extending upwards and down- wards, exactly as shown by Bleeker’s figure. In small examples the caudal is less noticeably lunate.
Lethrinus reticulatus Valenciennes is based on an example but 100 mm long. Head reddish, with two or three brown bands above the eye. Membranous border of opercle yellow. Body lighter than head, with irregular blackish spots. Rays of soft vertical fins finely marked with blackish streaks.
20 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
17410. Candaraman Island. January 4, 1909. Length, 95 mm.
7734 [1023]. Caxisigan Island. January 2, 1909. Length, 214 mm.
9917. Inamucan Bay, Mindanao. August 8, 1909. Length, 145 mm.
7292. Mansalay, Mindoro. June 4, 1908. Length, 150 mm.
12750. North end of Endeavor Strait, Palawan. December 22, 1908. Length, 148 mm.
8397. Surigao, Mindanao. May 8, 1908. Length, 233 mm.
5887, 6008. Zamboanga market. May 26-27, 1908. Length, 334 to 390 mm. [6008.] Olivaceous and gray above. Inside mouth scarlet. Scarlet blotch above point of opercle. Dorsals with vermilion shades terminally and posteri- orly. Other fins with very slight vermilion shades.
A1521, 9953. Doe Can Island. January 7, 1910. Length, 175 to 227 mm.
U.S.N.M. No. 34798. Tahiti. Dr. W. H. Jones. Length, 151 mm. As Leth- rinus miniatus.
U.S.N.M. No. 34801. Tahiti. Dr. W. H. Jones. Length, 283 mm. As Leth- rinus miniatus.
U.S.N.M. No. 34815. Tempe, Marquesas. Dr. W.H. Jones. Length, 184 mm. As Lethrinus miniatus.
U.S.N.M. No. 55629. Jolo. Dr. E. A. Mearns, 1904. Length, 233 mm.
U.S.N.M. No. 56007. Luzon. Bureau of Fisheries (No. 3263). Length, 165 mm. Last two or three teeth more or less molar.
U.S.N.M. No. 56137. Bacon. Bureau of Fisheries (No. 3208). Length, 122 mm. As Lethrinus richardsonit.
U.S.N.M. No. 56171. Bacon. Bureau of Fisheries (No. 3205). Length, 107 mm. As Lethrinus richardsonit.
U.S.N.M. No. 5617. San Fabian. Bureau of Fisheries (No. 3826). Length, 138mm. As Lethrinus variegatus. Although Evermann and Seale say ‘‘known by its slender body, long snout, and peculiar conical lateral teeth,” this speci- men agrees in color pattern with my other materials and in no way is like Bleeker’s figures. It is doubtless slender due to wrapping or packing tightly in shipment.
U.S.N.M. No. 56181. Bacon. Bureau of Fisheries (No. 3206). Length, 123 mm. As Lethrinus richardsonit.
U.S.N.M. No. 56246. Bacon. Bureau of Fisheries (No. 3207). Length, 121 mm. As Lethrinus richardsonit.
U.S.N.M. No. 5802. Zamboanga. Dr. E. A. Mearns. Length, 198 to 284 mm. Three examples.
U.S.M.N. No. 65903. Suva, Fiji. Bureau of Fisheries (No. 08867). Length, 126 mm.
U.S.N.M. No. 65905. Tonga Islands. Bureau of Fisheries (No. 05870). Length, 52 to 123 mm. Two examples. As Lethrinus richardsonit.
U.S.N.M. No. 65906. Truk, Carolines. Albatross collection, 1900. Length, 32 to 49 mm. Six examples; very poor condition. As Lethrinus richardsonit. U.S.N.M. No. 72094. Nafa, Okinawa, Riu Kiu. Bureau of Fisheries. Length,
210 mm.
A.N.S.P. No. 52799. Orion, Bataan, Philippines. May 9, 1923. Rev. Joseph
Clemens. Length, 153 mm.
FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE SEAS AND ADJACENT WATERS 21 LETHRINUS HARAK (Forskal)
FIGURE 2
Sciaena harak ForsKAu, Descript. Animal., pp. x11, 52, 1775 (type locality: Arabia).—BonNATERRE, Tabl. Ichth., p. 124, 1788 (Red Sea).—GmeE in, Syst. Nat. Linn., vol. 1, p. 1804, 1789 (Arabia).—Watsavum, Artedi Pisc., vol..3, p. 312, 1792 (on ForsKAt).
Sparus harak Scuneiper, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, p. 276, 1801 (copied).—Lac#pEpe, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 4, pp. 34, 111, 1802 (Red Sea).
Aurata harak CLoquett, Dict. Sci. Nat., vol. 12, p. 554 (reference), 1818.
Lethrinus harak Ritpre.i, Neue Wirbelth., Fische, p. 116, pl. 29, fig. 3,1835 (Djed- da).—GunrtuHeEr, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, p. 458, 1859 (Red Sea).— Kner, Reise Novara, Fische, p. 81, 1865 (Sydney).—Puayrair, Fishes of Zanzibar, p. 45, 1866.—K.unzinaer, Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 20, p. 755, 1870 (Koseir, Red Sea).—Day, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1870, p. 683 (Andamans) ; Fishes of India, pt. 1, p. 137, pl. 33, fig. 3, 1875.—Marrens, Preuss. Exped. Ost-Asien, p. 187, 1876 (Ternate).—B.Lerker, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 8, p. 119, pl. (49) 327, fig. 3, 1876-1877 (Sumatra, Singapore, Java, Bawean, Obi Major, Banda, Solor, Ceram, Waigiu).—Scumer.rz, Cat. Mus. Godeffroy, No. 7, p. 40, 1879 (Viti).—Péut, Cat. Mus. Godeffroy, No. 9, p. 29, 1884 (South Seas).—Kuunzineer, Fische Roth. Meer., p. 40, 1884.— Day, Fauna Brit. India, Fishes, vol. 2, p. 41, 1889.—JorpaNn and SEALE, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 25, p. 270, 1905 (1906) (Apia). —STEInDACHNER, Sitz. Ber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math.-nat. Kl., vol. 115, pt. 1, p. 1385, 1906 (Savaii) —EvERMANN and Seauz, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 26, p. 86, 1906 (1907) (Jolo, Bacon, San Fabian).—SzEa.e and Buan, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 33, p. 244, 1907 (Zamboanga).—JorpaNn and Dickerson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 34, p. 611, 1908 (Suva, Fiji) —KenpaLt and GoLpsBor- oucH, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 26, p. 289, 1911 (Suva, Kusaic, Vavau).—SnypER, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, p. 500, 1912 (Okinawa).— PELLEGRIN, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, vol. 39, p. 229, 1914 (Diego Suarez and Mahambo, Madagascar).—Prarson, Ceylon Administr. Rep., 1915-1918, p. F14.—Fow er and Began, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 62, art. 2, p. 40, 1922 (Zamboanga).—Fow.eEr, Bishop Mus. Bull. 22, p. 12 (Guam), p. 33 (Sa- moa), 1925.——Herre and Monrausan, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 33, No. 4, p. 4138, pl. 3, fig. 2, 1927 (Lima, Iba, Manila Bay, Puerto Galera, Pinamalayan, Bacon, Bantayan, Cebu, Canigao Island, Dumagueti, Ca- gayan de Misamis, Canigaran, Balabac, Zamboanga, Samal, Davao, Tawi Tawi, Subic Bay; Guam).—Fow.er, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1927, p. 281 (Orion, Calapan); Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 214, 1928 (Shortland Island, Faté, Guam, New Guinea, Kusaic, Suva, Vavau, Apia); vol. 11, No. 5, p. 335, 1931 (reference).
Letrinus harak Evrra, Cat. Fauna Filip., vol. 1, p. 482, 1895 (Luzon, Manila, Batangas, Nasugbu).
Lethrinus rhodopterus BuEEKER, Nat. Tijds. Nederland. Indié, vol. 3, p. 65, 1852 (type locality: Singapore).
Lethrinus bonhamensis GUNTHER, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, vols. 2-3, pts. 5-6, p. 65, 1874 (type locality: Bonham Island).—Jorpan and Seats, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 28, p. 782, 1905 (Negros).
Lethrinus banhamensis GUNTHER, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, vols. 2-3, pts. 5-6, pl. 47, 1874.
Lethrinus bomhanensis Péut, Cat. Mus. Godeffroy, No. 9, p. 29, 1884 (Tonga). (Error.)
Lethrinus papuensis ALLEYNE and Mac.uray, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 1, p. 276, pl. 8, fig. 1, 1877 (type locality: Hall Sound, New Guinea).
22 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Depth 2% to 24%; head 2% to 3, width 2 to 2%. Snout 2 to 2% in head; eye 3% to 4%, 1% to 2% in snout, greater than interorbital in young to 1}, with age; maxillary reaches opposite front nostril, length 2% to 3 in head; lips moderate, coriaceous; teeth villiform, in broad bands in front of jaw, outer row enlarged and mostly conic with 4 front ones in each jaw canines and last 4 each side molarlike, but often with slight median longtitudinal groove; interorbital 3% to 4 in head, broadly convex; naked region of head with skin finely rugose. Gill rakers 5+5, low, broad tubercles, about } gill filaments.
FIGURE 2.—Lethrinus harak (Forskal), young
Scales 45 or 46 in lateral line to caudal base and 2 more on latter; 6 above, 14 or 15 below, 9 or 10 predorsal; caudal and pectoral bases finely scaled. Scales with 12 to 15 basal radiating striae, sometimes 4 to 9 incomplete auxiliaries; 113 to 171 apical denticles, with 4 to 8 transverse series of basal elements; circuli fine.
D. X, 9, 1, fourth spine 2% to 3% in head, fourth ray 2% to 2%; A. III, 8, 1, third spine 3% to 3%, first ray 2% to 3%; caudal 1% to 1%, emarginate; least depth of caudal peduncle 3 to 30; pectoral 1%» to 1%; ventral 1% to 1%.
Body rather pale brown, lower surface whitish. Each scale on body, at least on back and sides, with darker margin. Head rather dull drab-brown above and on sides, below pale to whitish. Iris yellowish brown. Hind border of gill opening little darker brown than adjoining color. Below last dorsal spine or front dorsal rays, close below lateral line, a large dusky neutral to blackish blotch 7 to 9 scales long and about 4 deep. Fins pale brown.
Red Sea, Madagascar, India, East Indies, Philippines, Australia, Micronesia, Melanesia, Polynesia. My series of specimens shows the quite variable eye often small in the young and large in larger examples. The species may be known by the characteristic large
FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE SEAS AND ADJACENT WATERS 23
dark blotch, always greater than the eye, above the end of the de- pressed pectoral fin. In profile the head is deep, though with rather projected snout. Itis well figured by Giinther as Lethrinus banhamen- sis. Riippell’s figure of Lethrinus harak shows the dark lateral blotch only one scale in width and on the second row of scales below the lateral line. Some preserved specimens show each scale with a dis- tinct pale or light median spot. Others are quite slender and greatly like Lethrinus leutjanus in profile line. My specimens all agree in the size of the large dark lateral blotch, and though it is often extended beyond the tip of the depressed pectoral fin it usually is close up with the lateral line, sometimes even on the row of scales. I have seen no examples like Lethrinus atkinsoni Seale. At least one example
(9203) has the black lateral blotch over the posterior half of the
depressed pectoral, one row of scales below the lateral line, but not
extending beyond the tip of the fin.
Lethrinus elongatus is described very briefly as compared with L. variegatus, with the body long and ,the snout more pointed. Body gray-green on back, white below. Fins red, dorsal with blue spots. Length, 305 mm.
Lethrinus semicinctus is described as elongate. Face reddish, back brown, below white. Ten or twelve longitudinal lines on flanks, formed as row of black spots, more distinct above lateral line. Oppo- site first dorsal rays on middle of side large black spot. Back crossed by six narrow blackish bands, indistinct below lateral line and form blackish semicircles. Fins reddish. Length, 200 mm.
8140. Alibijaban Island, Ragay Gulf, Luzon. March 6, 1909. Length, 418 mm.
21838, 21839. Atulayan Bay, Luzon. June 17, 1909. Length, 54 to 78 mm.
5793. Baganga Bay, Mindanao. May 13, 1908. Length, 222 mm.
6500. Balikias Bay, Luzon. July 17, 1908. Length, 278 mm.
8690. Batag Island, Luzon. June 3, 1909. Length, 389 mm.
6742. Beach at village near Chase Head, Endeavor Strait, Palawan. December 22, 1908. Length, 98 mm.
8960. Between Paron and Jesus Points, Albay Gulf, Luzon. June 21, 1909. Length, 580 mm.
8619 to 8620. Biri Channel. June 1, 1909. Length, 250 to 294 mm.
14504. Biri Channel. June 2, 1909. Length, 238 mm.
6788. Bolinao Bay, Luzon. May 10, 1909. Length, 145 mm.
9413. Busin Harbor, Burias Island. Length, 151 mm.
7099, 7100. Busin Harbor. March 8, 1909. Length, 160 to 168 mm.
4898, 8352 to 8354. Buang Bay, Talajit Island, between Samar and Masbate. March 15, 1909. Length, 205 to 275 mm.
7874. Cagayan de Jolo. January 8, 1909. Length, 305 mm.
20104 [1077] and 21945. Cagayan, Jolo Island. January 8, 1909. Length, 112 to116mm. More or less irregular transverse dark bars. Distinct dark lateral blotch. Fins orange or vermilion terminally.
8377. Calangaman Island. March 16, 1909. Length, 410 mm.
5234, 11188, 11189. Canmahala Bay, Ragay Gulf, Luzon. March 11, 1909. Length, 75 to 228mm. Five examples.
24 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
10606, 20271. Cataingan Bay, Masbate Island. April 18, 1908.
16090, 16091. Cataingan Bay. May 14, 1909. Length, 253 to 260 mm?.
5510. Catbalogan, Samar Island. April 15,1908. Length,278mm. Back pale olive-green, borders of scales olive, center of each scale with paler spot; general color whitish below, though scales largely with gray borders; bronze on middle of side on lateral line and below large dusky blotch about twice size eye diam- eter in length. Top of head olive, side more or less washed with bronze. Iris silvery and dusky. Dorsals dull vermilion, soft rays greenish. Anal clear vermilion on membranes, rays greenish. Caudal vermilion over olive, with obscure pale bars near base. Paired fins with hyaline membranes, rays more or less orange.
16090, 16091. Cataingan Bay. May 14, 1909. Length, 253 to 260? mm.
5510. Catabalogan, Samar Island. April 15, 1908. Length, 278 mm.
12828. Cavite and San Roque market. June 27, 1908. Length, 100 mm.
6426. Caxisigan Island. January 3, 1908. Length, 220 mm.
7513, 12272, 12273. Chase Head, Endeavor Strait, Palawan Island. December 22,1908. Length, 222 to 263 mm.
7543, 10687, 12875, 12876, 20282. Cotabato, Mindanao. May 20,1908. Length, 74 to 190 mm.
8545. Cuyo Harbor. April 9, 1909. Length, 313 mm.
8541. Dalaganem Island, Palawan. ‘April 8, 1909. Length, 265 mm.
21349. Davao, Mindanao. May 16,1908. Length, 170 mm.
5737. Generale Island, Capunuypugan Point, east coast of Mindanao. May 9, 1908. Length, 275 mm.
9103 to 9105. Gigoso Point, Quinapundan Bay, Samar Island, July 28, 1909. Length, 290? to 320 mm.
13511. Gomomo Island. December 3, 1909. Length, 208 mm.
8992. Gubat Bay, Luzon. June 23, 1909. Length, 350 mm.
20514. Guijulugan. April 2, 1908. Length, 48 mm.
9254. Inamucan Bay, Mindanao. August 8, 1909. Length, 248 mm.
9263, 19279, 19579 to 19581. Inamucan Bay. August 9, 1909. Length, 60 to 247 mm.
5137 (D. 5172). Jolo Light, E., 24.75 miles (lat. 6° 3’ 15’’ N., long. 120° 35’ 30’’ E.). March 5, 1908. Length, 273 mm.
19382. Lloilo market, Panay. March 28, 1908. Length, 192 mm.
4857. Jolo market. February 12, 1908. Length, 257 mm.
9022. Langao Point, Luzon. gana 24, 1909. Length, 245 mm.
5964. Little Santa Cruz Island. May 26, 1908. Length, 280 mm. Olivaceous above, whitish below. Large dusky blotch on middle of side. Obscure brownish shades on preorbital. Inside mouth scarlet. Fins more or less ver- milion.
6035. Little Santa Cruz Island. May 28, 1908. Length, 287 mm.
8319. Lode Bay, Destacado Island. March 13, 1909. Length, 278 mm.
9001. Mactan Cove, Mactan Island, Cebu. April 6, 1908. Length, 217 mm.
11243. Mactan Island. March 25, 1909. Length, 263 mm.
8443, 8444. Mactan Island. March 25, 1909. Length, 237 to 258 mm.
8831, 16370. Maculabo Island. June 14, 1909. Length, 227 to 270 mm.
9203, 16950. Mahinog, Camiguin Island. August 3, 1909. Length, 201 to 275mm.
11872, 12424. Malabang market, Mindanao. May 22,1908. Length, 184 to 200 mm.
6226. Mantaquin Bay, Palawan. April 2, 1909. Length, 123 mm.
6584. Maricaban Island near Sepoc Point. July 21, 1908. Length, 238 mm. Short blue stripe before eye. Dusky lateral blotch.
22019. Mariveles Bay, Luzon. January 27,1909. Length, 72 mm.
FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE SEAS AND ADJACENT WATERS 25
8588, 8592, 8610, 11210, 13877 to 13879. Matnog Bay, Luzon. May 31, 1909. Length, 135 to 285 mm.
9299. Murcielagos Bay, Mindanao. August 9, 1909. Length, 273? mm.
12567. Near Palag Bay, Luzon. June 16, 1909. Length, 240 mm.
12747 to 12749, 12751, 12752. North end of Endeavor Strait, Palawan. December 22, 1908. Length, 138 to 163 mm.
9216, 9217. Opol, Mindanao. August 4, 1909. Length, 230 to 256 mm.
7950, 7951, 15626. Pagapas Bay, Luzon. February 20, 1909. Length 228 to 282 mm.
One example. Paluan Bay or Tomahu. December 11, 1908. Length, 213 mm. [1353.]
5953. Panabutan Bay, Mindanao. February 6, 1908. Length, 200 mm.
8424, 18819. Pandanon Island. March 23,1909. Length, 208 to 293 mm.
5500. Pangasinan Island. February 13, 1908. Length, 210 mm.
8175. Port Busin, Burias Island. March 7, 1909. Length, 337 mm.
8186. Port Busin. March 8, 1909. Length, 250 mm.
18704, 22203. Port Jamelo, Luzon. July 13,1908. Length, 75 to 104mm.
7257, 7281. Port Matalvi, Luzon. November 23, 1908. Length, 53 to 253 mm. Twenty-nine examples. In the smaller examples, 53 to 126 mm, body variably marked with dark vertical bands, very variably broken or set off as blotches or bars. Always a large dusky blotch, variably defined, though usually large as eye or above end of depressed pectoral. Another smaller or less conspicuous dark blotch also forms above middle of depressed pectoral on same level as posterior blotch. In larger examples dark bands fade or become obsolete, likewise anterior dark blotch, though larger posterior one persistent at all ages. Fins with pale ground color. [7257.] Scales of back with obscure pale spots. Dusky lateral blotch. Fins vermilion.
7078 to 7082, 21981. Port San Pio Quinto, Camiguin Island. November 11, 1908. Length, 85 to 282 mm. Dark lateral blotch distinct. More or less obscure pearly spots on lower side. No noticeable stripes on head. Fins rather ver- milion terminally, without scarlet in axils.
19450, 21625, 22034. River at Pasacao, Luzon. March 9, 1909. Length, 54 to 73mm. Eleven examples.
19451. Riverat Pasacao. March10,1909. Length, 71 mm.
6292. Romblon Harbor. March 25,1908. Length, 176mm.
7319. Sablayan Bay, Mindoro. December 12,1908. Length, 560 mm.
5934. Sabtan Island. November 8, 1908. Length, 230mm.
18621 to 18622, 18625 to 18627. Saboon Island, Ragay Gulf, Luzon. March 10, 1909. Length, 124 to 152mm. [1284.] Olive and silvery gray, white below. Large black lateral blotch under middle of lateral line. Few dashes of lilac- blue about eye, near nostril and on little of Jower edge of orbit. Opercular flap slightly dusky. Scales of back and upper sides with pearly spot in center, olive of sides more or less barlike and reticulated. Dorsal very pale olive, clouded with vinaceous. Anal pale olive, slightly vermilion at tip of soft por- tion. Caudal olivaceous basally, vermilion terminally and three obscure trans- verse bars on fin. Pectorals very pale hyaline pink. Ventrals yellowish. Inside mouth red.
12805, 20946. San Miguel Harbor, Ticao Island. April 21, 1908. Length, 137 to 148 mm.
9133, 9184. San Roque, Leyte. July 29,1909. Length, 278 to 298 mm.
19680 to 19683. Santa Cruz Island, Marinduque. April 24,1908. Length, 68 to 100 mm.
5001, 5002. Simonor Island, Tawitawi Group. February 24, 1908. Length, 240 to 290 mm.
26 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
21543. Subig Bay. January 7, 1908. Length, 83mm.
A546. SuladeIsland. September 17,1909. Length, 246 mm.
5723, 8397, 8398. Surigao, Mindanao. May 8, 1908. Length, 168 to 287 mm.
7151. Teomabal Island. September 18,1909. Length, 185 mm.
18752. Tilig, Lubang Island. July 14,1908. Length, 160 mm.
5132. Usada Island near Jolo. March 5, 1908. Length, 230mm.
6644, 17719. Varadero Bay, Mindoro. July 23, 1908. Length, 27 to 222 mm. Ten examples. The two blackish lateral blotches present even in the smallest examples.
8519. Verde del Sur Island. April6, 1909. Length, 264mm.
7115. West coast PalauiIsland. November 18,1908. Length, 177mm.
6954. West coast Sabtan Island. November 8, 1908. Length, 255mm.
5987. Zamboanga market. May 26, 1908. Length, 393 mm. Silvery gray, anteriorly dusky and top of head with slightly olivaceous shades, under surfaces whitish. Iris silvery. Lips pink, inside greenish scarlet. Small red upper lateral blotch on opercle. Dorsals gray, upper parts vermilion. Membranes of soft dorsal clear vermilion. Anal gray, membranes somewhat orange. Caudal gray, tips slightly vermilion. Pectoral dusky hyaline orange. Ventral gray, slightly orange at tip.
6007. Zamboanga market. May, 1908. Length, 300 mm. Dusky olive-gray above, white below. Inside mouth scarlet. Opercle without scarlet blotch. Dorsal mottled with vermilion and other fins with slight vermilion shades.
A965. Binang Unang Island, Gulf of Tomini, Celebes, Dutch East Indies. November 17, 1909. Length, 298 mm.
A949. Dodepo and Pasejogo Islands, Gulf of Tomini, Celebes. November 16, 1909. Length, 283 mm.
A1493. Kait Point, Libani Bay, Celebes. December 29, 1909. Length, 230 mm.
13591. Tanakeke Island, FloresSea. December 21, 1909. Length, 204mm.
A1401. Tampotana Island. December 21, 1909. Length, 228 mm. General color dark. Lateral blotch formed by darkened scale margins. Slight tinge of blue below eye and in nostril. Opercular flap without scarlet. Dorsals with pale mottling on vermilion-hyaline. Caudal similar, but markings more dis- tinct. Paired fins with slight orange shade. /
A1326, Tifu Bay, Bouro Island. December 10,1909. Length, 233 mm.
A1179, A1180. Gane Road, Gillolo Island. December 1, 1909. Length, 300 to 310 mm.
19327, 20233, 20372. Sandakan market, Borneo. March 2, 1908. Length, 77 to 85 mm.
A1522, 9954. Doc Can Island, Sulu Sea. January 7, 1910. Length, 210 to 229 mm.
A1613. Nafa, Riu Kiu Islands. February 7,1910. Length, 318mm.
20523. Specimen with abnormal mandible. Length, 121 mm.
U.S.N.M. No. 80525. New Guinea. Australian Museum. Length, 283 mm.
U.S.N.M. No. 80549. New Guinea. Australian Museum. Length, 242mm.
U.S.N.M. No. 51977. Negros, Philippines. Dr. Bashford Dean. Length, 99 to 163mm. Two examples.
U.S.N.M. No. 52288. Apia, Samoa. Bureau of Fisheries (07747). Length, 249 to 292mm. Three examples.
U.S.N.M. No. 52384. Apia. Bureau of Fisheries (07754). Length, 39 to 280 mm. Five examples.
U.S.N.M. No. 56018. Jolo. Bureau of Fisheries (4109). Length, 229 mm.
U.S.N.M. No. 56170. Bacon. Bureau of Fisheries (3316). Length, 58 to 67 mm. Two examples.
U.S.N.M. No. 57960. Zamboanga. Dr.E.A. Mearns. Length, 65mm.
FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE SEAS AND ADJACENT WATERS 27
U.S.N.M. No. 58018. Zamboanga. Dr. E. A. Mearns. Length, 220 to 295 mm.
Two examples.
U.S.N.M. No. 58992. Bacon. Bureau of Fisheries (3970). Length, 101 mm. U.S.N.M. No. 65899. Kusaie, Carolines. Bureau of Fisheries (08935). Length
242 mm.
U.S.N.M. No. 65900. Suva, Fiji. Albatross collection (A143). Length, 276 mm.
U.S.N.M. No. 65901. Vavau, Tonga Islands. Bureau of Fisheries (08896). Length, 186 mm.
U.S.N.M. No. 84198. Cebu. Dr. F. Baker. Length, 279? mm.
U.S.N.M. No. 84244. Zamboanga. Dr. F. Baker. Length, 138 mm. As
Lutjanus fulviflamma.
U.S.N.M. No. 84260. Zamboanga. Dr. F. Baker. Length, 144? mm. A.N.S.P. No. 48621. Philippines. Commercial Museum of Philadelphia. Length, 125? mm. A.N.S.P. No. 52802. Calapan, Mindoro. Rev. Joseph Clemens. Length, 150? mm. A.N.S.P. No. 52801. Orion. May 11, 1923. Rev. Joseph Clemens. Length, 195 mm. LETHRINUS ATKINSONI Seale Lethrinus atkinsoni Sraux, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 4, No. 6, p. 515, pl. 11, 1909 (type locality: Balabac Island)——Herre and Montaxsan, Philip- pine Journ. Sci., vol. 33, No. 4, p. 412, 1927 (type).
Depth 2%; head 2%, upper profile obtuse. Snout 1% in head; eye 1%, 14% in snout, impinging on upper profile; maxillary reaches % to eye, length 2% in head; 4 large front canines in each jaw, laterals conic in front and large molars behind, each molar with longitudinal groove; behind canines patch of vomerine teeth; interorbital 3%, slightly convex. Gill rakers 4, short, blunt, on lower branch of first arch, longest 4 pupil.
Scales 47 in lateral line to caudal base; 6 above, 14 below; predorsal scales forward opposite eye; head naked except opercle and 2 patches of scales behind eye, one above preopercle and other on side of nape.
D. X, 9, third spine 3 in head, third ray 2%; A. III, 8, third spine 3%, first ray 3; caudal 1\%, deeply emarginate; least depth of caudal peduncle 3; pectoral 1; ventral 1%.
Yellow in life, with slight wash of grayish. In alcohol whitish, slightly grayish drab above; middle of each row of scales darker, as four or five narrow longitudinal lines above lateral line parallel with back. Large, rather indistinct oblong dusky blotch between pectoral and lateral line. Breast and upper pectoral axil grayish. Fins im- maculate in life, except dusky tips of ventrals and caudal washed yellow. In alcohol fins white, upper surface of first pectoral ray gray and ventral dusky on terminal third. Length, 220 mm. (Seale.)
The above from the type, apparently differing from Lethrinus harak (Forskal) in the more advanced dark lateral blotch above the middle of the pectoral fin. Lethrinus hypselopterus is also very similar except for the higher soft anal, which is as high as long. Seale gives the type No. 5080 taken at Balabac Island, August 6, 1908, as 220 mm
134789—33——3
28 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
long, his figure measuring 190 mm. Herre and Montalban, who later redescribe this specimen, say “it measures 177 mm. in length.”
LETHRINUS FRENATUS Valenciennes
Lethrinus frenatus VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 6, pp. 291, 1830 (type locality: Ceylon).
Lethrinus frenatus Sauvaay, Hist. Nat. Madagascar, Poiss., p. 200, pl. 21, fig. 1, 1891 (type).
? Lethrinus maculatus VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 6, p. 292, 1830 (type locality: Pondicherry).
Lethrinus cinereus VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 6, p. 293, 1830 (type locality: Kaitz, Ceylon) —Day, Fishes of India, pt. 1, p. 1385, 1875 (Madras) ; Fauna Brit. India, Fishes, vol. 2, p. 38, 1889.—Fow.umr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1927, p. 282 (Orani, Orion, Calapan, Bacon).
? Lethrinus erythracanthus VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 6, p. 314, 1830 (type locality: Luganor, Mariannes).
Lethrinus anatarius Ricuarpson, Zool. Voy. Sulphur, Fishes, p. 145, 1844 (type locality: Canton); Ichth. China Japan, p. 242, 1846 (Sea of China; Canton).
Lethrinus richardsonii GiUnTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, p. 456, 1859 (type locality: China Sea and Hong Kong); Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 20, p. 59, 1867 (China, Cape York).—ScuMeE.rz, Cat. Mus. Godeffroy, No. 7, p. 5, 1879 (China) —IsHikawa and Matsuura, Prelim. Cat. Fishes Mus. Tokyo, p. 53, 1897—RvuttTeEr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1897, p. 76 (compiled).—Smitu and Pops, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 31, p. 477, 1906 (Susaki).
Lethrinus richardsoni KLUNZINGER, Sitz. Ber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math.-nat. K1., vol. 80, pt. 1, p. 357, 1879 (Endeavour River, Port Darwin).—Savvaag, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, ser. 7, vol. 5, p. 105, 1881 (Swatow, China).— Meyer, Anal. Soc. Espafi. Hist. Nat., Madrid, vol. 14, p. 19, 1885 (North Celebes).—SAvILLE-KeEnt, Great Barrier Reef, p. 369, 1893 (Queensland) .— EVERMANN and SEALB, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 26, p. 86, 1906 (1907) (Bacon). —SraALE and Bran, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 33, p. 244, 1907 (Zambo- anga).—KrnpaLLand GoLtpsBorouaH, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 26, p. 291, 1911 (Truk Group; Vavau).—Snyper, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, p. 500, 1912 (Okinawa).—Herre and MontTatsan, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 33, No. 4, p. 405, pl. 2, fig. 2, 1927 (Iba; Manila Bay; Calapan; Bacon; Con- cepcion; Estancia; Bantayan Island; Carigora; Camigaran; Dumaguete; Surigao; Cagayan de Misamis; Balabac Island; Loay; Samal and Caldera Bay; Sandakan, Borneo).
Letrinus richardsonii Exera, Cat. Fauna Filip., vol. 1, p. 482, 1895 (Luzon, Manila).
Lethrinus ornatus (not VALENCIENNES) EVERMANN and SEALg, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 26, p. 87, 1906 (1907) (Bulan).
Lethrinus harak (not ForsKii) Fowuer, Copeia, No. 58, p. 64, 1918 (Philip- pines); Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1927, p. 281 (part; Philippines).
Depth 2% to 2%; head 2% to 2%, width 2% to 24%. Snout 2 to 2% in head; eye 3 to 3%, 1% to 1% in snout, little greater than interorbital; maxillary reaches % to 1 in snout, length 2% to 2% in head; teeth uniserial, conic, usually pair in front of each jaw more or less canine- like and posterior teeth as 4 or 5 broadly subconic each side; band of fine villiform teeth in front of each jaw behind canines; interorbital
FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE SEAS AND ADJACENT WATERS 29
3% to 4, slightly convex. Gill rakers 5+5, low tubercles, greatly less than gill filaments, which 4 of eye.
Scales 47 in lateral line to caudal base and 4 more on latter; 6 or 7 above, 15 below, 9 predorsal. Scales with 13 to 17 basal radiating striae; 54 to 77 apical denticles, with 5 to 12 transverse series of basal elements and cireuli fine.
D. X, 9, 1, fifth spine 2% to 2% in head, sixth ray 2% to 2%; A. III, 8,1, third spine 2% to 2%, first ray 2 to 2%; caudal 1% to 1%, forked; least depth of caudal peduncle 3 to 3%; pectoral 1% to 1%; ventral 1% to 1%.
Brown, below or under surface whitish. Brown blotch on side, especially as dark blotch little less than eye below lateral line and just behind gill opening. Another farther back at same level. Dark longitudinal band from snout tip to eye and back over postocular in young. Young also with these markings all more distinct, besides seven dark transverse streaks which variably broken or incomplete.
Madagascar, India, Ceylon, East Indies, Philippines, China, Riu Kau, Japan, Micronesia, North Australia and Queensland. I have followed Sauvage in placing Lethrinus cinereus with this species, although the coloration is described as quite different by Valen- ciennes, possibly because of age. Sauvage gives a figure of the type of Lethrinus frenatus showing:
Depth 2%; head 2%. Snout 2% in head; eye 3%, 1% in snout; maxillary reaches 4 to eye, length 2% in head; teeth conic, posterior more rounded above than below; interorbital less than eye, very low. Scales 45 in lateral line, 6 above, 16 below, predorsal extend forward opposite hind eye edge. D. X, 9, fourth and last spines subequal or 3 in head, eighth ray 24%; A. ITT, 8, third spine 3, first ray 2%; caudal 1%o, little emarginate behind; least depth of caudal peduncle 2%; pectoral 1; ventral 1%.
The coloration of Lethrinus frenatus by Valenciennes is as follows, his type 225 mm long:
Back greenish, belly whitish. Along flanks 18 to 20 longitudinal yellowish-olive lines. Back above lateral line spotted with bluish dots. Head olive. Before eye three bluish or violet oblique lines on suborbitals, one also along front and fifth below edge of orbit. Preopercle limb with front border violet. Inside mouth orange. Dorsal mottled orange violet which also extends on border of soft dorsal. Anal reddish. Caudal violet.
Valenciennes says of Lethrinus cinereus, compared with Lethrinus erythrurus, that its body is more elevated, snout shorter, teeth more rounded. Reddish on back, grayish on flanks, belly, and greater part of cheek. Fins grayish. Caudal with traces of dark transverse bands. Pectoral pale yellowish. Length, 150 mm.
30 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Valenciennes notices Lethrinus maculatus. Body more oval than in Lethrinus korely, snout somewhat more short, teeth smaller and more pointed. Head above and back reddish or wine brown, below mouth and cheeks silvery. Below eye two rows of brown points. On flanks, above lateral line, a black blotch and four or five obscure brownish bands. No markings on opercle or pectoral axil. Length, 175 mm.
Richardson says of Lethrinus anatarius: “This fish, judging from Mr. Reeves’s figure, scarcely differs from the preceding in external form, and it may actually be the same species in its spawning dress, but the Chinese fishermen give it another designation, which is here translated as a provisional specific name.’’ Naked parts of head chestnut-brown, and tinge of same along back. Face banded with purple, but with addition of stripe from eye along upper preorbital edge to middle of jaw. Each scale down level with under pectoral edge with round celandine-green, passing into layvender-purple. Vertical fins aurora red, with purplish tint along dorsal base. Dark purple spot on pectoral base, rest of fin buff. Ventral pale purple. Length, 225 mm.
U.S.N.M. Nos. 31289, 31290. Apia, Samoa. Bureau of Fisheries (07755).
Length, 40 to 44mm. Not included in Jordan and Seale’s list.
U.S.N.M. No. 56161. Bulan. Bureau of Fisheries (3862). Length, 48 mm.
As Lethrinus ornatus. Second anal spine clearly larger than third.
A.N.S.P. No. 48621. Philippines. Commercial Museum of Philadelphia.
Length, 62 mm. As Lethrinus harak.
A.N.S.P. Nos. 52767 to 52770. Calapan. Rev. Joseph Clemens. Length, 140 to 155? mm. A.N.S.P. Nos. 52779 to 52780. Orani. Rev. Joseph Clemens. Length, 91 to
132 mm.
A.N.S.P. Nos. 52771 to 52778. Orion. Rev. Joseph Clemens. Length, 61 to
102 mm.
A.N.S.P. Nos. 31289, 31290. Apia, Samoa. Bureau of Fisheries (10775).
Length, 40 to 44 mm.
LETHRINUS KALLOPTERUS Bleeker Figure 3
Lethrinus kallopterus BurnKer, Act. Soc. Sci. Ind. Néerland. (Manado), vol. 1, p. 47, 1856 (type locality: Manado, Celebes).—GitntTumr, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, p. 460, 1859 (ecompiled).— BLrerxer, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 8, p. 113, pl. (73) 351, fig. 3, 1876-1877 (Celebes, Batjan, New Guinea).— Herre and Monrapan, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 33, No. 4, p. 408, pl. 2, fig. 3, 1927 (Tablas Island).—Fow1nrr, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 216, 1928 (compiled).
Lethrinus amboinensis (not BLEEKER) JoRDAN and Seaue, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 25, p. 270, 1905(1906) (Apia, Samoa).—Fow.er, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 216, 1928 (Apia example).
Depth 2% to 2%; head 2% to 2%, width 2% to 2%. Snout 1% to 2%o in head; eye 3% to 5%, 1% to 3 in snout, 1 to 1% in interorbital; maxillary reaches nearly opposite front eye edge, length 2 to 2% in head; lips broad, coriaceous; teeth in broad villiform bands in jaws, anteriorly
FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE SEAS AND ADJACENT WATERS 31
outer row enlarged and conic, with 4 front ones above and below caninelike and each side posteriorly third or fourth tooth from last enlarged or robust but not molars as their ends broad conic points; interorbital 3% to 3%, broadly convex; naked region of head finely rugose striate. Gill rakers 6+ 8, short, low, broad tubercles, about % of gill filaments.
FIGURE 3.—Lethrinus kallopterus Bleeker, young
Scales 43 to 46 in lateral line to caudal base and 1 to 4 more on latter; 6 above, 16 below, 7 or 8 predorsal; caudal and pectoral with small basal scales. Scales with 12 to 14 basal radiating striae, with with 1 to 10 incomplete auxiliaries; 136 to 145 apical denticles, with 6 to 12 transverse series of basal elements; circuli very fine.
D. X, 9, 1, fourth spine 2% to 3 in head, fourth ray 2% to 2%; A. III, 8, 1, third spine 2% to 3, fourth ray 2% to 2%; caudal 1% to 1%, moderately emarginate; least depth of caudal peduncle 2% to 3; pec- toral 1% to 1%; ventral 1% to 1%.
Brown, little paler below. Most scales on back and sides each with small pale whitish spot and along middle of sides each median at least forming more or less complete whitish axial line. Several other vari- ably incomplete whitish lines or rows of whitish spots may also form both above and below. Head gray-brown, cheeks with some obscure darker mottling. Fins brown, verticals blotched darker. Paired fins pale. Iris yellowish brown.
East Indies, Philippines. Bleeker’s figure differs from my examples in showing the median or axillary lateral white streak very pronounced and continuous. Also the yellowish spots on the dorsals and anals and caudal base appear to be much larger. The species may be easily distinguished by its color pattern, together with its very large mouth, slightly emarginate caudal, and large conic teeth in the jaws. Most of my examples, at least the smaller, show a blackish blotch less than
32 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
the eye, level with it and below lateral line opposite first third in pectoral.
6811 [1728]. Gigoso Point, Quinapundan Bay, Samar. July 28, 1909. Length, 179 mm. ‘Top of head smoky purple, side much paler and with numerous rather obscure brownish spots; lower surface of head with dusky pink shades. Side of body olive to gray; scale rows below lateral line under its arch each with longitudinal pale streak, most distinct immediately behind depressed pectoral tip and nearly reaches caudal. Spinous dorsal olive, mottled with paler rounded spots, three on each membrane. Soft vertical fins vermilion, pale spots crossing dorsal base obliquely downward and backward, about three bars with last reaching bases of last rays and extending from outer half of first ray. Spinous anal membranes with yellowish olive shades, rayed fin with small blue white spots about 14 to \% size of spots on dorsal and confined to basal and front portions of fin. Caudal without spots. Paired fins pale vermilion, pectoral hyaline.
9349. Murcielagos Bay, Mindanao. August 21, 1909. Length, 500 mm. Body olive-gray, white below; scales above with dark olive margins, turning to scarlet below; on nuchal region center of each scale more or less mottled with dark brown or dusky; over side occasional orange blotches less than a scale in size. Top of head dark smoky olive, becomes more or less slaty as reticulations about orange or brownish spots on side of head; orange rather bright about eye with reticulations purplish; lips and inside mouth bright scarlet; chin with pale tip; mandible pale scarlet; iris dusky and silvery, also with somewhat yeJlow- ish shades. Spinous dorsal dusky scarlet, membranes crossed by four to six slaty somewhat undulating oblique bars on each, though spines not marked by bars; soft dorsal with narrow pale edge or tip to membranes after fourth and fifth or somewhat anterior on fin, which bright scarlet and region basally about half diameter of eye in extent with slaty bars. Anal like dorsal, bars on membranes formed as cloudings and as few scattered spots at base of soft fin; caudal bright scarlet; pectoral rays scarlet, membranes nearly clear; ventral scarlet, with slaty shades on inner base.
A1333. Tomahu Island, north end of Bouro Island. December 12, 1909. Length, 310 mm.
A1468. Kait Point, Libani Bay, Celebes. December 29, 1909. Length, 277mm. Head slaty, with reddish; side below eye streaked with olive or slaty, forming more or less of reticulation. Soft vertical fins bright scarlet in membranes, rays more or less pale; dorsal mottled with white anteriorly and up to middle of soft fin; ana] with some mottling; caudal and paired fins without spots.
22667. Labuandata Bay, Gulf of Boni, Celebes. December 18, 1909. Length, 120 mm.
13512. Gomomo Island. December 3, 1909. Length, 206 mm.
7515. Hong Kong market. August 13, 1908. Length, 193 mm.
FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE SEAS AND ADJACENT WATERS 33 LETHRINUS NEBULOSUS (Forskal)
Ficgure 4
Sciaena nebulosa ForsKau, Descript. Animal., pp. x11, 52, 1775 (type locality: Arabia).—BoNNATERRE, Tabl. Ichth., p. 124, 1788 (Red Sea).—Gme tin, Syst. Nat. Linn., vol. 1, p. 1804, 1789 (Arabia).—Watpavm, Artedi Pisc., vol. 3, p. 310, 1792 (compiled) —ScuneipEr, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, p. 567, 1801 (compiled).
Lethrinus nebulosus VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 6, p. 284, 1830 (Mas- saua).—RtprrELL, Neue Wirbelth. Fische, p. 118, 1835 (Tor).—GtnvTHeEr, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, p. 460, 1859 (Red Sea).—Puayrair, Fishes of Zanzibar, p. 45, 1866 (Aden, Zanzibar, Seychelles)—KuunzinGErR, Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 20, p. 754, 1870 (Koseir, Red Sea).— Day, Fishes of India, pt. 1, p. 136, pl. 33, fig. 4, 1875 (Aden; Sind).—Prtrrs, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1876, p. 438 (Mauritius) —BLrrxer, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 8, p. 122, 1876-1877 (copies Pentapodus nubilus CANTOR).— ScuMELTz, Cat. Mus. Godeffroy, No. 7, p. 40, 1879 (Samoa).— KLUNZINGER, Sitz. Ber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math.-nat. K1., vol. 80, pt. 1, p. 356, 1879 (Port Darwin).—Gitntu_Er, Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc., vol. 168, p. 471, 1879 (Rodriguez).—Kossman, Zool. Anz., vol. 2, p. 22, 1879 (Red Sea).— GintHer, Rep. Voy. Challenger, vol. 1, p. 39, 1880 (Somerset).—K.un- ZINGER, Fische Roth. Meer., p. 40, pl. 6, fig. 1, 1884—Mryzmr, Anal. Soc. Espa. Hist. Nat., Madrid, vol. 14, p. 19, 1885 (North Celebes).—Day, Fauna Brit. India, Fishes, vol. 2, fig. 15, 1889-—THurston, Pearl Fisher. Gulf of Manaer, p. 92, 1890 (Pamban).—SaviLtun-Kent, Great Barrier Reef, p. 369, 1893 (Queensland).—StTrinpacHEeR, Abh. Senckenberg. Naturf. Ges., vol. 25, p. 418, 1900 (Patani River, Halmahera).—Dunckerr, Mitt. Naturh. Mus. Hamburg, vol. 21, p. 151, 1903 (1904) (Singapore).—PELLE- GRIN, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, vol. 30, p. 84, 1905 (Baie d’Along, Tonkin) ; Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 18, p. 203, 1907 (Baie de Tuléar, Madagas- car).—STEINDACHNER, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math.-nat. K1., vol. 71, pt. 1, p. 138, 1907 (Scheich Othman and Gischin, South Arabia).— PrarsoN, Ceylon Administr. Rep., 1912-1913, p. E8; 1915-1918, pp. F11, F15, F16, F17.—Oaitpy, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 5, p. 168, 1916 (references).—Barnarp, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 21, pt. 2, p. 633, 1927 (Natal, Zululand coasts, Delagoa Bay, Mozambique).—Fow ter, Journ. Bombsy Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 38, No. 1, p. 118, 1928 (Bombay); Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 215, 1928 (note); vol. 11, No. 5, p. 335, 1931 (Suva).
Lethrinus gothofredi VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 6, p. 286, 1830 (type locality: Suez) —Riprrtt, Neue Wirbelth. Fische, p. 120, 1835 (refer- ences).—Prters, Arch. Naturg., 1855, p. 248 (Mozambique).
Lethrinus opercularis VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 6, p. 289, 1880 (type locality: Trinquemale, Ceylon).—Gtntner, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, p. 461, 1859 (compiled) —BLrrxrr, Nederland. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 4, p. 117, 1873 (China).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 1, p. 186, 1875 (compiled) .— BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 8, p. 119, pl. (57)335, fig. 5, 1876- 1877 (Sumatra, Nias, Singapore, Bintang, Banka, Biliton, Java, Duizend Islands, Bawean, Bali, Celebes, Sangir, Flores, Timor, Batjan, Obi Major, Ceram, Amboina).—K<Arou1, Termész. Fiizetek, Budapest, vol. 5, p. 157, 1881 (Change River).—Meyemr, Anal. Soc. Espafi. Hist. Nat., Madrid, vol. 14, p.19, 1885 (Manado, Celebes).—WeEBER, Semon’s Zool. Forsch. Reis. Austral.,
34 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
vol. 5, p. 263, 1895 (Thursday Island).—Fow er, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, ser. 2, vol. 12, p. 529, 1904 (Padang).— Bravurort, Bijd. Dierk., Amsterdam, vol. 19, p. 123, 1913 (Saonek, Waigiu; Macessar, Celebes).— VinciauerraA, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, ser. 3, vol. 10, p. 572, 1926 (Sarawak).—Osuima, Japan. Journ. Zool., vol. 1, No. 5, p. 1388, 1927 (Pesca- dores Islands, Formosa).—HeErre and MontaBan, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 33, No. 4, p. 420, pl. 9, fig. 8, 1927 (Manila Bay, Subic Bay, Calapan, Tacloban, Zamboanga, Jolo, Sitanki Island) —McCuttocgn, Fishes of New South Wales, ed. 2, p. 61, pl. 216 b, 1927.—Fow.er, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 215, 1928 (compiled); Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929 (1930), p- 609 (Hong Kong), p. 642 (Padang).
?Lethrinus korely VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 6, p. 292, 1830 (type locality: Pondicherry). ‘
Lethrinus centurio VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 6, p. 301, 1830 (type locality: Seychelles).—Prrers, Arch. Naturg., 1855, p. 243 (Mozambique). —SavvaaGE, Hist. Nat. Madagascar, Poiss., p. 203, pl. 20, fig. 1, pl. 24, fig. 3, 1891 (type).—PrLuEGRIN, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 13, p. 203, 1907 (Sarodrano, Madagascar); Bull. Soe. Zool. France, vol. 39, p. 229, 1914 (Diego Suarez, Mahambo, Fort Dauphin, Madagascar).
Lethrynus esculentis VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 6, pl. 158, 1830.
Lethrinus karwa VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 6, p. 311, 1830 (on Karwa Russet, Fishes of Coromandel, vol. 1, p. 71, pl. 89, 1803, type locality: Vizagepatam).—Day, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1867, p. 558 (Madras) ; Fishes of India, pt. 1, p. 135, pl. 33, fig. 2, 1875 (Madras); Fauna Brit. India, Fishes, vol. 2, p. 38, 1889.—TuursTon, Pearl Fisher. Gulf of Manaar, p. 92, 1890 (Pamban).—Prarson, Ceylon Administr. Rep., 1912-1913, p. E9; 1914, p. E6; 1915-1918, pp. F9, F10, Fill, F12, F15, F18.—Matpas, Ceylon Administr. Rep., 1921, pp. E5-E8.—Prarson, Ceylon Administr. Rep., 1922, p. F6.
Lethrinus alboguttatus VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 6, p. 314, 1830 (type locality: Bonin Islands).
Pentapodus nubilus Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal (Cat. Malay Fish.), vol. 18, pt. 2, p. 1031, 1849 (1850) (type locality: Sea of Pinang).
Pentapus nubilus GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, p. 382, 1859 (copied).
Lethrinus nebulosus var. chumchum KuuNnziIncER, Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 20, p. 754, 1870 (type locality: Red Sea).
Lethrinus laticaudis ALLEYNE and Macteay, Proce. Linn. Soe. New South Wales, vol. 1, p. 276, pl. 8, fig. 2, 1877 (type locality: Perey Islands, Queensland).
Lethrinus laticaudus Savitue-Kent, Great Barrier Reef, p. 369, 1893 (Queens- land).
Lethrinus nebulosus var. ochrolineata KossMAN and R&vuBER, Wiss. Ergebn. Reise Kiistengeb. Roth. Meers, vol. 1, p. 12, 1877 (type locality: Red Sea).
Lethrinus ornatus (not VALENCIENNES) DE Vis, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 9, p. 458, 1885 (type locality: Wide Bay, Queensland).— SavitLE-Kent, Great Barrier Reef, p. 369, 1893 (reference).
Lethrinus scoparius Gincurist and THompson, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 6, p. 168, 1908-1911 (type locality: Natal); Ann. Durban Mus., vol. 1, pt. 4, p. 360, 1917 (reference) —Fowuer, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1925, p. 241 (Delagoa Bay).
Lethrinus cutambi Snax, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 4, No. 6, p. 514, pl. 10, 1909 (type locality: Sitanki Island, Jolo) —Hrrre and MonTa.Ban, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 33, No. 4, p. 407, 1927 (type).
FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE SEAS AND ADJACENT WATERS 390
Lethrinus chrysostomus (not RicHarDsoN) GiLcHRIST and THompson, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 13, pt. 38, p. 69, 1914 (Natal); Ann. Durban Mus., vol. 1, pt. 4, p. 360, 1917 (reference).
Lethrinus mahsenoides (not VALENCIENNES) FowLer, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1925, p. 242 (Delagoa Bay).
Lethrinus devisianus Wuittry, Records Austral. Mus., vol. 17, No. 3, p. 122, 1929 (on Dz Vis).
Depth 2% to 2%; head 2% to 3, width 2% to 3%. Snout 1% to 2% in head; eye 3% to 4%, 1% to 2% in snout, greater than interorbital to 1 to 1% with age; maxillary extends little beyond front nostril though not quite opposite hind one, little short of front one with age, 2% to 3 in head; lips moderate, coriaceous; broad band anteriorly of villi- form teeth in each jaw, with outer enlarged row of conic teeth of which 4 front ones above and below canines, and last 4 each side broadly rounded molars; interorbital 3% to 4%, broadly convex; naked region of head all finely rugose striate, vertical and divergent little forward on cheek. Gill rakers 5 or 6+5, short broad tubercles, about % of gill filaments.
FIGuRE 4.—Lethrinus nebulosus (Forskal), young
Scales 45 or 46 in lateral line to caudal base and 2 more on latter; 6 or 7 above, 14 to 16 below, 9 to 10 predorsal; caudal and pectoral bases with small scales. Scales with 16 to 18 basal radiating striae, with 1 to 5 auxiliaries; 110 to 145 apical denticles, with 4 to 8 transverse series of basal elements; circuli very fine.
D. X, 9, 1, fourth spine 3 to 3X in head, fourth ray 2% to 3%; A. IIT, 8, 1 third spine 3% to 3%, first ray 2% to 3%; caudal 1% to 1%, well emarginate; least depth of caudal peduncle 2% to 340; pectoral 1)» to 1%; ventral 1% to 1%.
Generally brown, little paler below. Each scale on body with pale whitish, grayish or yellowish spot, evidently quite sky blue when fresh. Iris yellowish and brown. Preopercle, opercle, and rim around
36 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
oribit with blue-gray tints. Front border of opercle behind vertical preopercle edge and hind border of opercle along flap brown. Also traces of gray or bluish spots and blotch over postocular region and opercles above, also some extend down below eye on cheek. Fins all pale uniform brownish, with very indistinct darker spots or cloudings on dorsal and caudal, mostly on membranes of fin. Paired fins uniform brownish.
Red Sea, Arabia, Zanzibar, Mozambique, Zululand, Natal, Mada- gascar, Mauritius, Rodriguez, Seychelles, India, Singapore, East Indies, Philippines, Indo-China, China, Formosa, North Australia, Queensland, Micronesia. My specimens similar to Bleeker’s figure, except at present they show no trace of the three oblique bluish bars on the preorbital or the red bar across the pectoral base.
Lethrinus ornatus De Vis may have been this species:
Depth 3% in total length; head 4. Snout 2; orbit 4%; maxillary not reaching front nostril, not covered by preorbital; front teeth short, not canines, hind teeth molars; bony protuberance in front of orbit; profile of head tumid on nape, rather concave between it and snout.
Scales 47 in lateral line; 5 above, 17 below.
D. X, 8, fifth spine longest, 2 in head; A. III, 8.
Dry example mottled gray, some scales white, some dark colored. Top of head chestnut-brown. Soft dorsal with traces of pale spots. Pectoral pale straw color, black axil extending along upper edge of fin base.
When fresh top of head greenish blue. General tint bluish on upper, yellowish on lower, parts. On body about 20 longitudinal golden streaks. Many scales on middle of trunk with pearly streaks. Sides of head yellowish, with 2 blue streaks from orbit to rictus; inside rictus vermilion. Upper half of soft dorsal rays green, webs reticulated with brown. Bases of pectoral rays yellow. Outer caudal rays red, passing to golden yellow near tip of upper lobe, tip white, median rays tipped black. Length, 382 mm.
This species is known chiefly by its finely spotted or dotted appear- ance; even in alcoholic specimens it usually has a persistent pale pearly spot or dot to each scale. The dark bands or bars on the dorsals and caudal seldom persistent. Hind opercle edge dark, also bar across pectoral base.
Very variable with age. I have been led to consider all the small examples with relatively deep bodies, with compact contour, and comparatively low soft dorsal and anal fins, as this species. The greatest differences are, however, found in the color variations. All have, until half grown at least, traces of a large dark-brown spot below the lateral line several scales behind the band and above the pectoral fin. In addition there are traces of 7 or 8 narrow dark vertical bands, variously broken, to form wide set clusters of small dark spots. Often the dark bands are especially incomplete along the axial line of
FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE SEAS AND ADJACENT WATERS 37
the body. A point in agreement with every specimen is the possession of a pearly or white spot on each scale, often obsolete, but still in some measure evident. Many young examples also show these paler spots as more or less irregular or variable pale longitudinal streaks or they may even form obscure rows across the dark scales. All the soft vertical fins show some trace of dark crossbars, at least the soft dorsal and caudal. It differs from the young of Lethrinus kallopterus chiefly in the slightly lower body and body markings.
Lethrinus cutambi Seale is based on an example 210 mm, though Herre and Montalban give but 159 mm. They also describe ‘the blackish blotch on second bar between lateral line and middle of pectoral is barely perceptible.”’
11114. Alibijaban Island, Ragay Gulf, Luzon. March 6, 1909. Length, 240 mm.
Five examples. Atulayan Bay, Luzon. June 17,1909. Length, 58 to 80 mm.
19773, 21925. Bolalo Bay, Palawan. December 21,1908. Length, 78 to 83 mm.
8792. Butauanan Island, eastern Luzon. June 12, 1909. Length, 362 mm.
8277, 18511 [1309]. Canmahala Bay, Ragay Gulf, Luzon. March 11, 1909. Length, 42 to 324 mm. Fifteen examples. [1309.] Olive-gray, with 9 dusky bars on side transversely, of which 3 on caudal peduncle; 4 pronounced stripes on lower side longitudinally, first immediately below lateral line, second through axial region and third and fourth at levels of pectoral base. Blood red shades on opercular margin. Vertical fins reddish terminally. Dorsal largely oliva- ceous. Paired fins slightly dusky, pectoral somewhat yellowish.
5543. Cataingan Bay, Masbate. April 18, 1908. Length, 310 mm.
Five examples. Cataingan Bay. April 18, 1908. Length, 52to 79mm. Show besides dark transverse bars also five or six longitudinal pale broad whitish bands.
10604, 10605, 10708, 10710. Cataingan Bay. April 19, 1908. Length, 68 to 133 mm. Four examples.
5495, 5496, 6819 to 6822, 7596, 15891. Catbalogan, Samar. April 14, 1908. Length, 148 to 245 mm.
Two examples. Catbalogan. April 16, 1908. Length, 47 to 53 mm. Small specimens such as these, usually with pectorals yellowish, frequently with little gray to neutral dusky, at least terminally; anal varies yellowish to brownish.
12827. Cavite and San Roque market. June 27, 1908. Length, 95 mm.
7541, 7542, 7544, 10686, 10688 [1813] to 10690. Cotabato, Mindanao. May 20, 1908. Length, 75 to 180 mm.
7566. Endeavor Strait, Palawan. December 23, 1908. Length, 362mm. Cheek with four pale slaty to bluish bars. Similar larger bars transversely on side of body disappearing in alcohol when interspaces become somewhat orange to bronze. Bluish tints under and about eye. Fins more or less orange termi- nally. Pectoral yellowish, first ray bright blue. Ventral with front edge blue.
20512. Guijulugan beach, Tanon Strait, east coast of Negros. April 2, 1908. Length, 45 mm.
A424, Jolo market. March 6, 1908. Length, 168 mm.
20870. Jolo market. March 7, 1908. Length, 170 mm.
148. Langao Point. June 24, 1909. Length, 183 mm.
11871. Malabang market. May 22, 1908. Length, 140 mm.
8367. Malapascua Island. March 16, 1909. Length, 237 mm. Four reddish longitudinal bands on side and another less defined above lateral line.
13678. Manila market. June 24, 1908. Length, 138 mm.
9707. Manila market. April 28, 1908. Length, 140 mm.
38 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
7291. Mansalay, Mindoro. June 4, 1908. Length, 160 mm.
8581. Matnog Bay. May 31, 1909. Length, 328 mm,
12746. North end of Endeavor Strait, northwest coast Palawan Island. Decem- ber 22, 1908. Length, 108 mm.
13886. Observatory Island. December 19, 1908. Length, 169 mm.
10736. Port Ciego, Balabac Island. January 3, 1909. Length, 156 mm.
8446, 21634. Port Jamelo, Luzon. July 13, 1908. Length, 62 to 84 mm.
Seventeen examples. Port Matalvi, Luzon. November 238, 1908. Length, 31 to 80 mm. Body with eight or nine variable transverse dark bands, often double, some narrow, others variably wider, often broken or forming vertical bars. Second vertical band of trunk intensified little as dark or dusky spot, never larger than eye above depressed pectoral. Most all small examples with 6 longitudinal pearly or gray-white bands, very variable, broken as bars or spots and of variable intensity crossing dark vertical bands. With age these all largely disappear until only axial may remain.
7077. Port San Pio Quinto. November 11, 1908. Length, 268 mm.
18748 to 18750. Pratas Reef. October 25, 1908. Length, 1386 to 176 mm.
19779. Ragay Bay, Ragay Gulf, Luzon. March 10, 1909. Length, 45 mm.
7056. Romblon Harbor. March 25, 1908. Length, 173 mm.
12263, 12264. San Juanico Strait, Leyte, Samar. April 13, 1908. Length, 187 to 203 mm.
6553, 12195. San Roque, Leyte. July 29, 1909. Length, 193 to 228? mm.
7540, 8815, 8817, 8822, 8823, 12621 to 12623. Santiago River, Pagapas Bay, Luzon. February 20, 1909. Length, 102 to 168 mm.
19074 [1813], 19075. Silino Island. August 10, 1909. Length, 215 to 218 mm.
20620. Sirinao Island, Nakoda Bay, Palawan Island, near Alfonso XIII. Decem- ber 30, 1908. Length, 129 mm.
8296. Sorsogon market, Luzon. March 12, 1909. Length, 290 mm.
9382, 9383, 15610. Taganak Island. January 7, 1909. Length, 213 to 218 mm.
18775. Tictauan Island. September 8, 1909. Length, 151 mm.
6429. Tilig, Lubang. July 14, 1908. Length, 230 mm.
Nine examples. Varadero Bay, Mindoro. July 23, 1908. Length, 42 to 88 mm.
5939. Zamboanga market. May 26, 1908. Length, 315 mm.
22382. Amboina market, Amboina, Dutch East Indies. December 7, 1909. Length, 134 mm.
5042. Sandakan, Borneo. February 29, 1908. Length, 270 mm.
11734, 19326, 19329, 19986, 20391. Sandakan Bay. March 2, 1908. Length, 71 to 100 mm.
5118. Sandakan market. March 4, 1908. Length, 177 mm.
A1211 to A1214, 19793. Gomomo Island. December 3, 1909. Length, 131 to 365 mm.
A1400, A1402. Tampotana Island, Flores Sea. December 21, 1909. Length, 260 to 320 mm (A1400). Scales silvery gray with opaque median spot, small on back and becoming slightly elongated on middle of side where margined with olive. Head olive-brown; opercular flap bright scarlet; few red shades about eye; inside mouth scarlet, none showing on preopercle membranes. Dor- sals pale, mottled with light vermilion. Anals somewhat like dorsals, mark- ings broader. Caudal like dorsals, mottling finer. Pectoral very pale olive, scarlet at base in and outside. Ventral hyaline-olive.
18263. Tomahu Island. December 11, 1909. Length, 140 mm.
6690. Hong Kong. August 13, 1908. Length, 290 mm. Gray, with pale spots on scales of back and sides, lower surfaces white. Faint trace of bronze longi- tudinal stripe. Purplish streak across preopercle. Purplish tinge before and under eye. Inside mouth scarlet.
6807. Kowloon market. September 19, 1909. Length, 283 mm.
FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE SEAS AND ADJACENT WATERS 39
A1570. Nan Wan Bay, Formosa. January 25, 1910. Length, 245 mm.
A1607. Nafa, Okinawa, Riu Kiu. February 7, 1910. Length, 560 mm.
20621. Sirinao Island, Nakoda Bay, near Alfonso XIII. December 30, 1908, Length, 62 mm.
U.S.N.M. No. 30511. New Guinea. Australian Museum. Length, 336 mm. As Lethrinus haematopterus.
U.S.N.M. No. 30604. New Guinea. Australian Museum. Length, 178 mm.
U.S.N.M. No. 30641. New Guinea. Linnaean Society of New South Wales. Length, 164 mm.
U.S.N.M. No. 32725. Indian Archipelago. Royal Museum of Leiden. Length, 164 mm.
U.S.N.M. No. 65902. Vavau, Tonga Islands. Bureau of Fisheries (No. 08895). Length, 171 mm. As Lethrinus mahsenoides.
U.S.N.M. No. 75895. Borneo. H.C. Raven. Length, 181 mm.
A.N.S.P. No. 27631. Padang, Sumatra. Harrison and Hiller. Length, 310 mm. Color when fresh in arrack pale olivaceous-brown, each scale on side with more or less pale spot and lower surface pale or whitish. Opercular flap buff color. Vertical fins olivaceous-brown. Caudal little dusky marginally with several dusky wavy cross lines. Paired fins tinged dilute greenish yellow. Inside gill opening orange-red. Iris yellowish.
A.N.S.P. Nos. 53093 to 53095. Delagoa Bay, Portuguese East Africa. July, 1923. H. W. Bell Marley. Length, 127 to 213 mm.
A.N.S.P. No. 53132. Bombay, India. Prof. F. Hallberg. 1924. Purchased. Length, 175 mm.
LETHRINUS VARIEGATUS Valenciennes
Fiaure 5
Lethrinus variegatus VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 6, p. 287, 1830 (type locality: Massuah; Suez).— Peters, Arch. Naturg., 1855, pt. 1, p. 248 (Mozambique).—KtunzineGrEr, Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 20, p. 751, 1870 (Red Sea).— Butrerexer, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 8, p. 117, pl. (50)328, fig. 3, pl. (52)330, fig. 2, 1876-1877 (Celebes, Flores, Timor, Hal- mahera, Ternate, Buru, Ceram, Amboina, Goram, Banda).—KossmMan and RAvuBER, Wiss. Ergebn. Reise Kiistengeb. Roth. Meers, vol. 1, p. 11, 1877 (Red Sea).—Macueay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 7, p. 247, 1882 (New Guinea).—Ktunzincemr, Fische Roth. Meer., vol. 1, p. 38, 1884.— SavuvaGe, Hist. Nat. Madagascar, Poiss., p. 200, pl. 21, fig. 2a-b, pl. 25, fig. 4, 1891 (Massaua).—Weser, Semon’s Zool. Forsch. Reis. Austral., vol. 5, p. 265,.1895 (Ambon).—JorpDaAN and Starks, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vol. 11, Nos. 3-4, p. 451, 1917 (Ceylon) —Hrrre and Montarpan, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 33, No. 4, p. 409, pl. 3, fig., 1927 (Calapan, Canigao Island, Samal Island)—Fow.urr, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 213, 1928 (compiled).
Lethrinus semicinctus VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 6, p. 294, 1830 (type locality: Bourou)—Savuvaeg, Hist. Nat. Madagascar, Poiss., p. 202, pl. 19, fig. 3a—b, 1891 (type).
Lethrinus latifrons RiippEty, Neue Wirbelth., Fische, p. 118, pl. 28, fig. 1, 1835 (type locality: Mohila, Red Sea).—Gitntuer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, p. 458, 1859 (compiled).—Puayrarr, Fishes of Zanzibar, p. 44, 1866.
Depth 3% to 3%; head 2% to 2%, width 2% to 2%. Snout 2% to 255 in head; eye 3% to 4%, 1% to 1% in snout, greater than interorbital in young to subequal with age; maxillary reaches eye, length 2% to 3%o in head; teeth uniserial, conic, 4 as canines in front of each jaw;
40 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
rather broad inner band of villiform teeth above and anteriorly below; interorbital 3% to 4%, nearly level or only very slightly convex. Gill rakers 5+7, low knobs, 2% in gill filaments, which 2% in eye.
Scales 43 to 46 in lateral line to caudal base and 3 or 4 more on latter; 5 above, 13 or 14 below, 8 or 9 predorsal forward opposite vertical preopercle edge. Caudal covered with rather large scales basally. Scales with 12 or 13 basal radiating striae; 30 to 77 minute, short apical denticles, with 3 to 5 transverse series of basal elements; circuli fine.
D. X, 9, 1, third spine 2% to 2% in head, first ray 2% to3; A. III, 8, 1, third spine 3% to 4%, first ray 2% to 3; caudal 1% to 1%, deeply emar- ginate; least depth of caudal peduncle 3% to 4; pectoral 1% to 1%;
5 R)
VY
ventral 1% to 2. a | sya a EF y bh JZ SROTARERS fp Fg RG Ae .
f vi 3
N]
| irre by ALOE
f f RRR AK RE KEK) OR
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N Lf,
1s POOPY AER phe
FIGurE 5.—Lethrinus variegatus Valenciennes, young
Back and upper half of head brown, below pale to whitish. Colora- tion of alcoholic examples often greatly variable, due to preservation. Usually at least 8 to 10 dark brown blotches along back; these vari- ously continuous on side below, at least on caudal peduncle though on body anteriorly broken to form 4 or 5 alternating large dark blotches smaller than eye, medially or at least below lateral line, of which first conspicuous as deeper in color or more pronounced; along lower side of trunk and tail bands may again alternate as dark blotches, though paler and less defined. In some partially bleached examples dark lateral blotches fade and leave broad dark band from eye to caudal base medially. Head variably dark brown above, paler beneath; dark band extends from mandible tip to eye, another below eye down over cheek and still a third down over vertical preopercle flange; often pale interspaces on cheek with various dark blotches or cloudings. Iris pale yellowish or whitish. Fins all pale. Dorsal spines and rays with dark brown spots and on spinous fin membranes with variable dark bands, sometimes broken as blotches or bars. Caudal with 5 dark transverse bands. Anals like dorsals. Pectoral pale, dark blotch below middle of base. Ventral pale, with 4 transverse dark bars.
FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE SEAS AND ADJACENT WATERS 41
Red Sea, Zanzibar, Mozambique, Madagascar, East Indies, Philip- pines. Bleeker also includes Lethrinus microdon Valenciennes, though it appears to differ according to the redescription and figure of the type by Sauvage. I have followed Bleeker in including Lethrinus semicinctus, even though it suggests Lethrinus amboinensis. The following is from the account and figure by Sauvage of Lethrinus semicinctus :
Depth 3%; head 2%, upper profile slightly curved with eye impinging little on upper profile. Snout 14 in head from snout tip; eye 3%, 2% in snout, 1% in suborbital depth to maxillary expansion; maxillary reaches halfway to eye, length 2% in head; all teeth conic; interor- bital wider than eye.
Scales 55 in lateral line (44 on figure) to caudal base; 4 above, 12 below, predorsal extends forward opposite hind opercle edge; no postoc- ular scales.
D. X, 9, fourth spine 3 in head, sixth ray 3; A. III, 8 (III, 7 on figure), third spine 3%, second ray 3%; caudal 1%, forked, lobes pointed; least depth of caudal peduncle 3%; pectoral 1%; ventral 1%.
Body olive, ornamented with longitudinal blackish lines which more distinct above lateral line. Six transverse blackish bands extend from back to level of lateral line. Black blotch opposite last anal rays. Fins of uniform color. Length, 220 mm.
According to Valenciennes the type was 200 mm long. Face red- dish. Back brown, belly white. Ten to 12 longitudinal lines, form series of black points; those above lateral line more distinct than those below. On middle of sides opposite first three dorsal rays large black spot. Back with 6 blackish transverse bands, narrow, fading below lateral line, form blackish semicircles. Fins reddish.
20105 [1078], 21943, 91942, 91944. Cagayan, Jolo Island. January 8, 1909. Length, 90 to 143mm. [1078.] Irregular dusky areas somewhat as transverse bars across side. Dorsal spines and rays with alternately dusky and yellowish white blotches. Caudal irregularly barred with dusky purplish.
18510 [1308]. Canmahala Bay, Ragay Gulf, Luzon. March 11, 1909. Length, 75 to 113mm. Six examples. Olive-gray, specked with darker. Transverse dusky bars scarcely extend to ventral contour of body. Head olive-gray, top specked with paler; cheek with few dusky bars of general olivaceous shade. Lower half of body and under surfaces of head and breast whitish. Inside mouth not red. Dorsals spotted with olive, membranes clear. Anal clear. Caudal irregularly barred with brown. Pectorals very pale pink. Ventrals clear with three dusky crossbars.
10706, 10707, 10709. Cataingan Bay, Masbate. April 19, 1909. Length, 95 to 111 mm.
One example. Cataingan Bay, Dumurug Point, Masbate. April 19, 1908. Length, 94 mm.
19314. Pandanon Island. March 24, 1909. Length, 53 to 168 mm. Forty- eight examples.
One example. Philippines. Length, 73 mm.
20493. Port Galera, Mindoro. June 9, 1908. Length, 143 mm.
42 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
LETHRINUS GENIVITTATUS Valenciennes FIGURE 6
Lethrinus genivittatus VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 6, p. 306, 1830 [no locality (discovered by Peron: East Indies)].—SrTernpAcuner, Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 16, p. 478, 1866 (Zanzibar).—Fow.e:Er, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1925, p. 241 (Delagoa Bay).
Lethrynus genivittatus VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss, vol. 6, pl. 159, 1830.
Lethrinus geniguttatus Jovan, Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg, ser. 2, vol. 3, p. 261, 1868 (Hong Kong; specific name error).
Lethrinus miniatus (not SCHNEIDER) BARNARD, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 21, pt. 2, p. 632, 1927 (part).
Depth 3%; head 2%, width 24%. Snout 2% in head from snout tip; eye 3, 14 in snout, greater than interorbital; maxillary reaches % to eye, length 3 in head from snout tip; teeth uniserial, all rather slenderly conic; 4 front canines in each jaw besides 1 or 2 mediolaterals each side of jaw; inner band of villiform teeth in each jaw; interorbital 4, level. Gill rakers 4+ 5, low tubercles, % of gill filaments which 2% in eye.
Ltt bal f ms ae Hi a -
ee Wy WW) as #3 a a i
in
a ee iN a P oh 4 R A Feapy R K) iy NN BN ORD SSH IS .
\ SEN
FIGURE 6.—Lethrinus genivittatus Valenciennes, young
Seales 43 in lateral line to caudal base and 6 more on latter; 5 above, 14 below, 9 predorsal forward opposite upper hind preopercle edge; caudal base scaly. Scales with 10 to 12 basal radiating striae; 52 to 55 fine, apical denticles, with 6 transverse series of basal ele- ments; circuli fine.
D. X, 9, 1, third spine 2% in total head length, third ray 2%; A. III, 8, 1, aed spine 3}, first ray 2%; caudal 1%, deeply emarginate; least feel of caudal peduncle 345; pectoral 1%; ventral 1%.
Back and head above brown, sides and below pale to whitish. About 8 irregular transverse dark narrow bands on body, more or less broken as 3 or 4 rows of spots or blotches, that above first third of pectoral and other just above and beyond depressed pectoral tip darkest and most conspicuous. Snout dark brown. Broad dark-
FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE SEAS AND ADJACENT WATERS 43
brown band transversely across lower cheek and second one also vertically on preopercle. Iris pale yellowish or whitish. Fins all pale with spines and rays of dorsals and anals each spotted slightly with darker and dark blotches along bases reflected on fins basally. Caudal with four transverse dark bands. Pectoral with dark inferior basal blotch. Four dark bands transversely on ventrals.
Zanzibar, Portuguese East Africa, Philippines, China. This species, surely quite distinct from Lethrinus miniatus, with which it is con- fused by Barnard, has an entirely different coloration on the head. The figure by Valenciennes accurately portrays the species, which appears to have been unknown to Bleeker and not definitely reported from the East Indies. The Albatross collections contain a single small specimen, described above, which establishes the species in the Philippine fauna.
One example. Pandanon Island. March 24, 1909. Length, 98 mm. A.N.S.P. No. 53116. Delagoa Bay, Portuguese East Africa. H. W. Bell Marley.
Length, 95 mm. LETHRINUS PUNCTULATUS Macleay
Lethrinus punctulatus Macuray, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 2, p. 351, pl. 8, fig. 2, 1878 (type locality: Port Darwin).
Depth 2%; head 2%, upper profile straight. Snout 2% in head; eye 4, 1% in snout; maxillary reaches % to eye, length 3 in head; teeth sharply conic, canines small; interorbital low.
Scales 45 in lateral line.
D. X, 9, fourth, fifth, and sixth spines longest (figure shows second equally long); A. III, 8, third spine longest; caudal slightly emargi- nate; least depth of caudal peduncle 3 in head; pectoral 14; ventral 1%.
General color dark with black patch between lateral line and pec- toral fin and series of vertical black blotches, formed of clusters of small spots, along entire body length. Length, 152mm. (Macleay.)
North Australia.
LETHRINUS HAEMATOPTERUS Schlegel
Lethrinus haematopterus SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., pts. 5-6, pl. 38, 1844.—Ricnwarpson, Voy. Sulphur, Fishes, vol. 1, p. 144, pl. 64, figs. 1-3, 1844 (China seas, Japan, Canton, Hong Kong); Ichth. China Japan, p. 242, 1846 (Canton; Hong Kong).—Buerxker, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Japan), vol. 26, p. 91, 1857 (Nagasaki).—Kwnur, Reise Novara, Fische, p. 80, 1865 (Manila) —BLrEKerR, Nederland. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 4, p. 323, 1873 (Amboina, Luzon, Kiusiu); Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 8, p. 112, pl. (53)331, fig. 4, 1876-77 (Amboina; Manila).—Lunet, Mém. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat. Genéve, vol. 27, p. 270, 1881 (Mauritius) —KArou1, Termész. Fiizetek, Budapest, vol. 5, p. 157, 1881 (Yokohama).—Nystr6m, Bihang kon. Svensk. Vet. Akad. Handlingar, Stockholm, vol. 18, No. 4, p. 15, 1887 (Naga- saki).—JorpAN and Snyper, Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 3, p. 80, 1901 (Riu Kiu, Nagasaki) —Franz, Abh. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., vol. 4, Suppl. vol. 1, p. 47, 1910 (Yokohama; Aburatsubu).—Jorpan and Tuompson, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 41, p. 560, 1912 (Nagasaki) —Jorpan and Husss, Mem.
134789—33 4
44 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Carnegie Mus., vol. 10, No. 2, p. 240, 1925 (Kagoshima Bay, Miyazu).— Osuima, Jap. Journ. Zool., Trans. Abstracts, vol. 1, No. 5, p. 129, fig. 1, 1927 (Tainan, Formosa).—Fowter, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 216, 1928 (Ebon Island, Truk, Vavau, not New Guinea specimen).—ScumipT, Trans. Pacific Comm. Acad. Sci. U. S. S. R., vol. 2, p. 69, 1931 (Nagasaki; Kagoshima).—Fowter, Hong Kong Nat., vol. 2, No. 4, p. 295, 1931 (Hong Kong).
Lethrynus haematopterus SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., pts. 5-6, p. 74, 1844 (type locality: Southwest coast of Japan).
Depth 2% to 2%; head 2% to 3, width 1% to 2%. Snout 1% to 2% in head from snout tip; eye 2% to 4, 1% to 2 in snout, greater than interorbital in young to 1 to 1% with age; maxillary reaches opposite front nostril, length 2% to 2% in head from snout tip; teeth in broad villiform band in each jaw, then outer row of conic teeth anteriorly of which 4 as canines in each and last 4 of each side as large simple molars; interorbital 3% to 3%, broadly convex; preopercle edge entire. Gill rakers 5+6, short low tubercles.
Seales 43 or 44 in lateral line to caudal base and 1 or 2 more on latter; 5 or 6 above, 14 or 15 below, 8 or 9 predorsal; suprascapula entire. Scales with 13 or 14 basal radiating striae; 108 to 175 apical denticles, very small, with 20 to 28 transverse series of basal elements; circuli very fine.
D. X, 9, 1, third spine 2% to 3 in total head length, third ray 2% to 2%: A. III, 8, 1, third spine 2% to 3, first ray 2% to 2%; caudal 1% to 1%, moderately emarginate, less so with age; least depth of caudal peduncle 2% to 2%; pectoral 1; ventral 1% to 1%.
Brown, little paler below. Each scale with slightly darker spot medially, so that longitudinal dark lines form. Iris yellowish. Fins dull brownish, without markings. Head little deeper brown on naked areas than on squamation.
East Indies, Philippines, China, Formosa, Japan, Micronesia. Schlegel’s figure shows a deep-bodied fish with the first anal ray about % base of the soft anal fin. Each scale on the back with a dark basal spot. Caudal as expanded with its hind edge shown only slightly concave. Richardson gives the length as 100 to 700 mm. His figure shows an example in agreement with Schlegel, except that the body is marked with six large dark blotches on the back and several alternat- ing series of dark blotches on the sides.
A well-marked species, well figured by Schlegel. Its deep body, low soft dorsal and anal and usual dark or dusky spots, one at base of each scale on back and upper sides of body serve to distinguish the species.
14889. Alimango Bay, Burias Island. March 5, 1909. Length, 178 mm. A1519. Doc Can Island. January 7, 1909. Length, 265 mm.
11863. Gubat, Sorsogon, Luzon. June 23, 1909. Length, 218 mm. 8829. Malcochin Harbor, Linapacan Island. December 19,1908. Length, 208 mm.
FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE SEAS AND ADJACENT WATERS 45
5927. Zamboanga. May 25, 1908. Length, 233 mm. Silvery gray, becoming soiled white below. Side with five orange longitudinal bands, one above lateral line, next two begin below but end in lateral line. Side of head with yellowish wash; scarlet on maxillary region, inside mouth, opercular flap and stripe be- hind preopercle; dark on upper eye; gill opening edged with scarlet and brassy; iris silvery. Dorsals clear olive anteriorly, become vermilion posteriorly, rays more or less orange and tips of spinous membranes vermilion. Anal pale, membranes and soft rays with orange shades. Caudal dusky vermilion. Pec- toral hyaline-orange, axil dusky, some scarlet at base of first ray. Ventral pale.
U.S.N.M. No. 75503. Nagasaki, Japan. Jordan and Snyder. Length, 233 to 247 mm. Two examples.
LETHRINUS CHOERORHYNCHUS (Schneider)
Sparus choerorynchus ScHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth, Bloch, p. 278, 1801 (type locality: Japan).
Lethrinus chaerorhynchus VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 6, p. 308, 1830 (on SCHNEIDER).
Lethrinus choerorhynchus JORDAN and SnypsER, Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 3, p. 80, 1901 (‘‘Japan’”’).—JorpDAN and THompson, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 41, p. 562, 1912 (copied BueeKreR).—IzuKA and Matsuura, Cat. Zool. Spec. Tokyo Mus., Vertebr., p. 149, 1920 (Tokyo market).—Scumipt, Trans. Pacific Comm. Acad. Sci. U.S. 8. R., vol. 1, p. 50, pl. 2, fig. 2, 1980 (Yaeyama and Kominato, Riu Kiu); vol. 2, p. 69, 1931 (Kagoshima).—ANoNnyMovus, Illustrat. Jap. Aquat. Plant. Animal., vol. i, pl. 35, fig. 7, 1931.
Lethrinus haematopterus (not SCHLEGEL) GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, p. 464, 1859 (Sea of Japan).
Lethrinus guntheri BureKerr, Arch. Néerland. Sci. Nat. Harlem, vol. 8, p. 153, p. 2, 1873 [type locality: Kiusiu (Nagasaki)]—Jorpan and Snyper, Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 3, p. 80, 1901 (Nagasaki).
Lethrinus richardsoni (not GUNTHER) JoRDAN and EvERMANN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 25, p. 350, 1902 (Formosa); Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 4, No. 4, p. 189, 1909 (Formosa).
Depth 2%; head 24. Snout 2% in head; eye 3%, 1% in snout; max- illary reaches 4 to eye, length 3 in head; 4 front canines in each jaw, and outer series conic, rounded molars posteriorly; interorbital low.
Scales 48 in lateral line; 6 above, 17 below.
D. X, 9, 1, fourth spine 2% in head, first ray 3; A. III, 9, 1, second spine 3%, first ray 3% or 1% in fin base; caudal 1% in head, little emarginate; least depth of caudal peduncle 3; pectoral 1%; ventral 1%.
Above olivaceous, below golden. Iris yellowish or rosy. Fins pink or yellowish. Length, 120mm. (Bleeker.)
Formosa, Riu Kiu, Japan.
LETHRINUS MAHSENOIDES Valenciennes
Lethrinus mahsenoides (EHRENBERG) VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 6, p. 286, 1830 [type locality: Seas of India; no locality (Red Sea)].—PrrTrErs, Arch. Naturg., 1855, p. 248 (Mozambique).—Gutnruer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, p. 464, 1859 (Philippines, Amboyna).—ScumeE.rz, Cat. Mus. Godeffroy, No. 3, p. 7, 1866 (Viti Levu) —Kuuwnzinerr, Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 20, p. 755, 1870 (type, Lethrinus abbreviatus); Fische Roth. Meer., p. 39, pl. 6, fig. 2, 1884 (Red Sea).—Savuvaag, Hist. Nat. Madagascar, Poiss., pl. 25, figs. 3-3a, 1891 (type).—Srernpacuner, Abh. Senckenberg. Naturf. Ges., vol. 25, p. 418, 1900 (Batjan, Ternate); Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien,
46 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
math.-nat. K1., vol. 71, pt. 1, p. 133, 1907 (Bal Haf, Gischin, South Arabia) .— Pewuearin, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 13, p. 203, 1907 (Baie de Tuléar, Madagascar).—JorpAN and Seas, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 26, p. 24, 1906 (1907) (Philippines) —EveRMANN and Satz, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 31, p. 508, 1906 (Jolo); Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 26, p. 87, 1906 (1907) (Philip- pines).—SraLE and Baan, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 33, p. 244, 1907 (Zamboanga).—JoRDAN and RicHarpson, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 27, p. 259, 1907(1908) (Cuyo).—Kernpatt and Gonpssporoven, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 26, p. 290, 1911 (Vavau, Tonga).—Srats, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 9, No. 1, p. 67, 1914 (Hong Kong).—Fow ter, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 213, 1928 (Fiji, Vavau); Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1931, p. 247 (Port Sudan, Red Sea) ; Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 11, No. 5, p. 3385, 1931 (reference).
Lethrinus mashsenoides ScHMELTz, Cat. Mus. Godeffroy, No. 1, p. 8, 1864 (Viti Levu).—SavvaceE, Hist. Nat. Madagascar, Poiss., p. 206, 1891 (type). Lethrinus mansenoides SAv1LLE-KENT, Great Barrier Reef, p. 369, 1893 (refer-
ence). (Hrror.)
Letrinus mahsenoides Exera, Cat. Fauna Filip., vol. 1, p. 482, 1895 (Luzon, Manila Bay).
Lethrinus insulindicus BLEEKER, Nederland. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 4, p. 334, 1873 (type locality: Java; Calehes: Amboina; Timor; Bislippines) aE, and Ricuarpson, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 4, No. 4, p. 189, 1909 (Takao, Formosa).—OsHIMA, Japan. Journ. Zool., vol. 1, No. 5, p. 131, 1927 (com- piled) —Hrrre and MonratBan, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 33, No. 4, p. 424, pl. 5, fig. 1, 1927 (Zamboanga).
Lethrinus mashena (not ForsKAL) Kner, Reise Novara, Fische, p. 270, 1865 (Ceylon). (Error.)
Depth 2%; head 2%. Snout 2% in head; eye 3, 1% in snout, equals suborbital depth, opmneing very slightly on upper eroaie: emigre reaches eye, length 2% in head; canines strong, molars little stronger above than below; merrell very low, narrower than eye.
Scales 48 in lateral line to caudal base; 5 above, 13 below, predorsal extend forward nearly to eye (2 rows of small postocular scales on figure).
DX, 9v(%-Ston gute); fourth spine 2% in head, fifth ray 2%; ALi: g, third spine 3%, second ray 3%; caudal 1%, peas least depth of oaalel peduncle 3; pectoral 14%; ventral 1%. (Sauvage.)
According to Seem the color is pale green, with a white spot at the angle of each scale. Numerous white points on cheek. Mem- branous edge of opercle red. Vertical fins greenish. Iris yellow. Length, 175 mm.
Red Sea, Arabia, Mozambique, Madagascar, Ceylon, East Indies, Philippines, Formosa, China, Polynesia.
U.S.N.M. No. 55628. Jolo. Dr. E.A. Mearns. Length, 250+0359mm. Three examples.
U.S.N.M. No. 56067. Philippines. Bureau of Fisheries (No. 4167). Length, 260? mm.
LETHRINUS CHRYSOSTOMUS Richardson
Lethrinus chrysostomus Ricuarpson, Voy. Erebus and Terror, Ichth., p. 118, 1844-1848 (type locality: Norfolk Island).—Guntuer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, p. 457, 1859 (type; Cape York, Victoria) —Castetnau, Res.
FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE SEAS AND ADJACENT WATERS 47
Fishes Australia (Off. Rec. Philadelphia Cent. Exhib. Victoria), p. 11, 1875 (Queensland).—ALLEYNE and Macugay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 1, p. 276, 1877 (Percy Islands to Cape York).—CastTEeLnau, Proe. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 3, p. 350, 1878 (Port Jackson).—SaviLLe-KEnt, Great Barrier Reef, p. 369, 1893 (Queensland).—Sreap, Fishes of Australia, p. 125, 1906 (Queensland, New South Wales); Edible fishes New South Wales, p. 78, 1908.—McCu.ttocu, Fishes of NewSouth Wales, ed. 2, p. 61, 1927.—Fow.uER, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 216, 1928 (compiled).
Depth, 24%; head 2%, upper profile straight till above eye. Snout 1% in head from snout tip; eye 4%, 2% in snout (1% to 3 in Giinther); maxillary reaches % to eye, length 2% in head; 4 canines in front of each jaw, 10 or 11 conic teeth following each side, of which last 3 smaller, lower, more blunt but not actually flat crowned; behind canines band of villiform teeth; interorbital low.
Scales 46 in lateral line to caudal base; 5 above, 17 below; predorsal extend forward not quite opposite eye.
D. X, 8 (XI, 9, 1 on figure), third spine 2% in total head length, third ray 2%; A. III, 8 (III, 8,1 0n figure), third spine 34, first ray 2%; caudal 14, emarginate; least depth of caudal peduncle 3%; pectoral 1%; ventral 1%.
Deep brown. Inside mouth reddish orange. Length, 343 mm. (Richardson. )
Australia, Norfolk Island. Giinther gives the color as olive, each scale of back and sides with black vertical streak at base. Head, vertical fins, and ventrals blackish brown. Caudal variegated with lighter. Characteristic, the third dorsal spine is subequally long as
the last spine. LETHRINUS RAMAK (Forskal)
Sciaena ramak ForsKAu, Descript. Animal., p. 52, 1775 (type locality: Arabia).— BONNATERRE, Tabl. Ichth., p. 124, 1788 (Red Sea).—GmeE tin, Syst. Nat. Linn., vol. 1, p. 1305, 1789 (Arabia).—Lacthrrpse, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 4, pp. 34, 112, 1802 (Arabia).
Sparus ramak Lachphpe#, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 4, p. 34, 1802.
Lethrinus ramak Rtrre i, Neue Wirbelth., Fische, pp. 117, 120, pl. 28, fig. 3, 1835 (Djedda, Red Sea).—Gitinrumr, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, p. 459, 1859 (Red Sea, Ceylon).—Puayrair, Fishes of Zanzibar, p. 45, 1866— K.un- ZINGER, Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 20, p. 752, 1870 (types). —GUNTHER, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, vol. 2-3, pts. 5-6, p. 64, pl. 46, 1874 (Samoa, Pelew, Kingsmill Islands).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 1, p. 137, 1875.—BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 8, p. 119, 1876-1877 (copied GUNTHER) .— ScHMELTz, Cat. Mus. Godeffroy, No. 6, p. 12, 1877 (Massaua); No. 7, p. 40, 1879 (Massaua).—Kossman, Zool. Anz., vol. 2, p. 22, 1879 (Red Sea).— KuunzincEr, Fische Roth. Meer., p. 40, 1884.—Péuu, Cat. Mus. Godeffroy, No. 9, p. 29, 1884 (Massaua).—Meyer, Anal. Soc. Espafi. Hist. Nat., Ma- drid, vol. 14, p. 19, 1885 (North Celebes, Cebu, Ternate) —BouULENGER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1887, p. 658 (Muscat).—Day, Fauna Brit. India, Fishes, vol. 2, p. 40, 1889.—JorpAN and SEatz, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 25, p. 269, 1905 (1906) (Apia) —KernpaLL and GoLpssporoucH, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 26, p. 289, 1911 (Taritari, Gilbert Islands).—Zuamayer, Abh. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., math.-phys. K1., vol. 26, pt. 6, p. 11, 1913 (Oman).—
48 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Parson, Ceylon Administr. Rep., 1915-1918, pp. F16, F17.—Jorpan and Srarks, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vol. 11, Nos. 3-4, p. 451, 1917 (Ceylon) .— Herre and Montazsan, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 338, No. 4, p. 411, pl. 9, fig. 2, 1927 (Tablas Island and Bennett Island).—Fow usr, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 214, 1928 (Fate, Fiji?, Apia, Taritari); Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929 (1930), p. 609 (Hong Kong), p. 642 (Apia); Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 11, No. 5, p. 335, 1931 (reference).
Letrinus ramak Evura, Cat. Fauna Filip., vol. 1, p. 482, 1895 (Luzon, Manila, Cebu, Nasugbu). (Error.)
Lethrinus fasciatus VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 6, p. 290, 1830 (type locality: Trinquemale, Ceylon).
Lethrinus flavescens VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 6, p. 299, 1830 (type locality: Tongatabu).—SaviLup-Kmnt, Great Barrier Reef, p. 369, 1893 (reference).
Lethrinus azureus VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 6, p. 300, 1830 (type locality: Cartaret Harbor, New Ireland).
Lethrinus ehrenbergii VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 6, p. 312, 1830 (type locality: Massauah, Red Sea).
Depth 2% to 2%; head 2% to 2%, width 24 to 2%. Snout 2 to 2%o in head, upper profile slightly concave anteriorly and posteriorly con- vex; eye 3% to 4, 1% to 1% in snout, equals interorbital; maxillary reaches opposite hind nostril, length 2% to 2%; in head; teeth as villi- form bands in front of each jaw with outer enlarged row of conic teeth, of which 4 as canines in front above and below; each side above last 3 and similarly below last 2, as molars with slight median longitudinal depression; interorbital 3% to 3%, broadly convex; preopercle edge entire. Gill rakers 5+ 5, low short tubercles, 1% in gill filaments, which ¥ of eye.
Scales 45 or 46 in lateral line to caudal base and 1 or 2 more on latter; 6 above, 14 below, 9 predorsal; suprascapula entire. Scales with 14 or 15 basal radiating striae; 90 to 92 apical denticles, with 5 transverse series of basal elements; circuli very fine.
D. X, 9, 1, fourth spine 2% to 3 in head, third ray 2% to 2%; A. III, 8, 1, third spine 3 to 3%, second ray 2% to 3; caudal 1% to 1%, deeply concave behind; least depth of caudal peduncle 2% to 3; pectoral 1} to 1%; ventral 1% to 1%.
Brown, with slight olive tinge on back, lower surfaces paler. Iris light yellowish brown. An indistinct pale or lighter broad axial band from upper gill opening to middle of caudal basally. Also another, narrower and shorter, from pectoral axil. Some of scales on back with slightly paler centers. Fins dull brown.
Red Sea, Arabia, Zanzibar, Ceylon, Philippines, China, Micronesia, Melanesia, Polynesia.
Lethrinus flavescens Valenciennes was based on an example 200 mm long. Snout moderately long, rectilinear; front somewhat convex and enlarged between eyes. Teeth small, rounded posteriorly in mouth. Head reddish, without spots. Body tinged yellowish, somewhat green on back, without mixture of other tints. Dorsals gray, with
FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE SEAS AND ADJACENT WATERS 49
two obscure rows of brown spots. Caudal yellow. Articulation of three unpaired fins black. Pectoral yellow. Ventral somewhat spotted with pale brown.
Lethrinus ehrenbergu Valenciennes is based on an example 250 mm with elongated body. Green, -with silvery reflections, scale borders forming brown network. Fins reddish, except violet ventral.
90238. Langao Point, Luzon. June 24, 1909. Length, 238 mm.
A1469. Kait Point, Libani Bay, Celebes. December 29, 1909. Length, 245 mm. [A1469.] Gray with reddish stripes; first includes most of back from first row of scales above lateral line; second below lateral line covers most of five rows anteriorly, crossing lateral line on front of caudal peduncle and divided by light stripes in middle posteriorly; lower stripe behind base of pec- toral and covers about 2 rows of scales. Fins very pale reddish. Dorsal mottled with olive and caudal slightly so in central portion.
U.S.N.M. No. 52487. Apia, Samoa. Bureau of Fisheries (No. 02429). Length, 296? to 302 mm. Two examples.
U.S.N.M. No. 65904. Taritari, Gilbert Islands. Albatross collection. Length, 183 to 244 mm. Two examples.
A.N.S.P. No. 52969. Faté, New Hebrides. April-May, 1903. Alvin Seale. Bishop Museum (1080). Length, 98 mm.
LETHRINUS ERYTHRURUS Valenciennes
Lethrinus erythrurus VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 6, p. 293, 1830 (type locality: Ceylon). (Young.)
Lethrinus ornatus VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 6, p. 310, 1830 (type locality: Java).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 1, p. 187, 1875.—Burrxsr, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 8, p. 118, pl. (72)350, fig. 4, 1876-1877 (Sumatra, Java, Bali, Celebes, Flores, Timor, Ternate, Ceram, Amboina, Banda, Goram, Aru, New Guinea).—Day, Fauna Brit. India, Fishes, vol. 2, p. 40, 1889.—Fow ter, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, ser. 2, vol. 12, p. 529, 1904 (Padang).—Prarson, Ceylon Administr. Rep., 1915-1918, pp. F10, F17.—Matpas, Ceylon Administr. Rep., 1921, pp. E7, E8.—Herre and MonrTaLBAN, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 38, No. 4, p. 422, pl. 9, fig. 1, 1927 (Luna, Manila Bay, Calapan, Halsey Harbor, Bantayan, Zambanginta, Malangas).—Fow.irR, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 214, 1928 (compiled); Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929 (1930), p. 642 (Padang).
Lethrinus zanthotaenia BLEEKER, Nat. Tijds. Nederland. Indié, vol. 2, p. 176, 1851 (type locality: West Sumatra).—GitnrTuer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, p. 461, 1859 (compiled) —Day, Proc. Zool. Soe. London, p. 648, 1870 (Andamans).—SEALE and Bran, Proce. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 33, p. 244, 1907 (Zamboanga).
?Lethrinus aurolineatus Macunay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 7, p. 247, 1882 (type locality: New Guinea).
Depth 2% to 2%; head 2% to 3, width 1% to 2%. Snout 1% to 2 in head; eye 3% to 4%, 1% to 1% in snout, 1% to 1% in interorbital; maxillary reaches opposite front nostril, length 2% to 24 in head; upper lip moderately fleshy; teeth in broad villiform bands anteriorly in jaws, with outer row enlarged and largely conic, of which 4 in front above and below caninelike and last 2 or 3 on each side molar-
50 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
like; interorbital 3 to 4, broadly and slightly convex; naked region of head finely rugose or striate. Gill rakers 4 or 5+5, short low tubercles, about half of gill filaments.
Scales 44 to 46 in lateral line to caudal base and 2 more on latter; 6 above, 14 to 16 below, 9 predorsal; caudal and pectoral bases finely scaled. Scales with 16 basal radiating striae; 100 apical denticles, with 4 to 6 transverse series of basal elements; circuli very fine.
D. X, 9, 1, fourth spine 2% to 24% in head, fourth ray 2} to 2%; A. III, 8, 1, third spine 3% to 3%, first ray 2% to 3%; caudal 1% to 1%, deeply emarginate; least depth of caudal peduncle 2% to 2%; pectoral 1 to 1%; ventral 1% to 1%.
Brown generally. Head drab or slightly darker than body color. Along middle of side an indistinct pale longitudinal axial band from head to caudal peduncle; two similar shorter parallel bands above and another below. Iris golden brown. Fins pale brown. Iris brownish yellow.
Ceylon, East Indies, Philippines. My examples seem to agree with Bleeker’s figure largely in the pale longitudinal bands, though at present quite indistinct.
Bleeker does not accept Lethrinus erythrurus Valenciennes as a synonym as placed by Day, as he found the young of the present species marked like the adults and without the black lateral blotch or fine black longitudinal streaks.
9023. Langao Point, Luzon. June 24, 1909. Length, 242 mm. U.S.N.M. No. 32708. Indian Archipelago. Royal Museum of Leiden. Length,
234 mm.
U.S.N.M. No. 5817. Zamboanga. Dr. E. A. Mearns. Length, 310 mm. A.N.S.P. No. 27630. Padang, Sumatra. Harrison and Hiller. Length, 276 mm.
When fresh in arrack brown, darker above. Side with about seven rather
broad dull longitudinal orange-yellow bands. Inside gill opening orange-red.
Peritoneum silvery. LETHRINUS STRIATUS Steindachner
Lethrinus striatus STEINDACHNER, Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 16, p. 479, pl. 5, fig. 3, 1866 (type locality: Zanzibar).—Puayratr, Fishes of Zanzibar, p. 145, 1866 (Zanzibar).—Sauvaag, Hist. Nat. Madagascar, Poiss., p. 205, pl. 24, fig. 2, 1891.—Rerean, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 16, No. 2, p. 330, 1905 (Persian Gulf)—Pr.iuerin, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, vol. 39, p. 229, 1914 (Nossi Bé and Fort Dauphin, Madagascar).
Depth 2%; head 3, upper profile steeply inclined. Snout 1% in head; eye 3%, 14 in snout, 1% in suborbital depth to expansion of maxillary; maxillary reaches % in snout, length 2% in head; 4 canines in front of each jaw, with row of conic laterals and molars of upper jaw little longer than lower; band of villiform teeth behind canines; interorbital subequal with eye, low.
Scales 45 in lateral line; 5 above, 16 below, predorsal extend forward opposite hind opercle edge; small patch of postocular scales.
FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE SEAS AND ADJACENT WATERS 5l
D. X, 9, 1, fourth spine 2% in head, fifth ray 1%; A. III, 8, third spine 2%, first ray 2; caudal 140, emarginate; least depth of caudal peduncle 2%; pectoral 10; ventral 1%.
Black-brown band above middle of forehead and second from front eye edge over middle of snout length. Back clear gold-brown. Three blue-violet bands parallel and above lateral line, uppermost to end of soft dorsal and others to caudal base. Below lateral line each scale row with longitudinal brown line. Length not given; drawing 170 mm. (Steindachner.)
Zanzibar, Madagascar, Persian Gulf. Said to differ from Lethrinus croceopterus Valenciennes by the small eye and more elevated body. It is suggestive of Lethrinus haematopterus except the back anteriorly is not so elevated. The figure by Sauvage seems to agree except the soft anal is lower and the predorsal scales extend forward opposite hind eye edge. This specimen was 270 mm long.
LETHRINUS CROCEOPTERUS Valenciennes Lethrinus croceopterus VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 6, p. 302, 1830 (type locality: Seychelles)—Sauvage, Hist. Nat. Madagascar, Poiss., p. 204, pl. 24, figs. 1-la, 1891 (type).
Depth 2%; head 3%, upper profile very shallowly convex. Snout 2% in head; eye 3%, 1% in snout, slightly impinging on upper profile, greater than interorbital; maxillary reaches % to eye, length 3 in head; canines very strong (apparently 4 intended in front of each jaw on figure); hind teeth elliptical; interorbital very low.
Scales 46 in lateral line (43 on figure); 5 above, 14 below; predorsal scales extend forward not quite to eye (postocular scales above pre- opercle not clearly shown on figure).
D. X, 9 (X, 10 on figure), fourth spine 2% in head, seventh ray 24%; A. III, 8, second spine 3, first ray 2%; caudal 1%, very slightly emarginate behind; least depth of caudal peduncle 2%; pectoral 10; ventral 1%.
Body ornamented by spots of golden forming well-marked longi- tudinal series. As shown on figure apparently as slightly dark spot to each scale. (Sauvage.)
Seychelles. Valenciennes gives his type, secured by Dussumier, as 125 mm. He says the body is greenish, membranous border of opercle orange. Dorsal and anal gray. Caudal deep green. Paired fins golden. No spots on cheek.
LETHRINUS XANTHOCHILUS Klunzinger
Lethrinus xanthochilus Kuunzincer, Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 20, p. 753, 1870 (type locality: Red Sea); Fische Roth. Meer., p. 39, pl. 6, fig. 3, 1884 (type).
Depth 3%; head 3%, upper profile inclined, little arched over eye.
Snout 1% in head from snout tip; eye 6%, 4 in snout, 3 in suborbital
depth to maxillary expansion; maxillary reaches halfway to eye,
52 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
length 2% in head from snout tip; teeth all conic, 4 canines in front of each jaw, inner band of fine villiform teeth behind canines; inter- orbital low.
Seales 48 (52 tubular scales on figure); 5 above, 12 below, predorsal forward not quite opposite hind preopercle edge; no postocular scale on figure.
D. X, 9, third spine 2% in total head length, longer than last spine, which ain longer than penultimate spine, last spine 4 in total head, third ray 3%; A. III, 8, third spine 4%, last ray 34; caudal 1%; emar- ginate, lobes pountedy least depth of caudal peduncle 3%; pectoral 1%; ventral 1%
Yellowish, ae greenish gray, becomes whitish on belly. Head brown, with darker blotches. Inside mouth red, lips yellow. Hind border of gill opening and pectoral base reddish yellow. Inner base of pectoral deep red. Fins yellow, spinous dorsal brownish. Iris dusted purplish. Length, 450 mm. (Klunzinger.)
Red Sea.
LETHRINUS CARINATUS Weber
Lethrinus carinatus WEBER, Siboga Exped., vol. 57, Fische, p. 289, pl. 2, fig. 1, text fig. 68, 1913 (type locality: Seget, Galewo Straits, New Guinea; Tual, Niedrig Kei).—Fow.rer, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 214, 1928 (copied).
Depth 2% to 2%; head 2% to 2%, width 2% to 2%. Snout 14% in head; eye 4 to 4K, 2% to 2% in snout, 1 in interorbital; maxillary reaches to or slightly beyond front Sages length 2% to 2 % In head; upper lip moderate, coriaceous; broad villiform bands of teeth in front of each jaw, with outer enlarged series largely conic, as 4 rather low canines in front above and below, each side posteriorly, last 3 molarlike, penultimate with median longitudinal depression or groove; inter- orbital 4 to 4%, convex; naked region of head finely striate or skin rugose. Gill rakers 5+5, short, low tubercles, about % of gill filaments.
Scales 45 or 46 in lateral line to caudal base and 2 more on latter; 6 above, 14 or 15 below, 9 predorsal; caudal and pectoral bases finely scaled. Scales with 17 to 22 basal radiating striae, with 2 or 3 incom- plete auxiliaries; 102 to 130 apical denticles with 10 to 12 transverse series of basal elements; circuli very fine.
D. X, 91, fourth spine 3 to 3% in head, fourth ray 2% to 3; A. III, 8, 1, third spine 3% to 34, second ray 2% to 334; caudal 1% to 1%, oe emarginate; least depth of caudal peduncle 2% to 3%; pectoral 1% to 1%; ventral 1% to 1%
Brown, body nearly uniform. Head drab-brown, darker than body color, except pale opercles, which like body. Each row of scales above lateral line with dark streak. Below lateral line each row of scales with traces of similar parallel lines, most distinct on chest, above anal and about gill opening. Fins brownish, with indistinct blotches of darker on dorsals and as several obscure transverse bands on caudal.
FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE SHAS AND ADJACENT WATERS 53
Paired fins uniform dull brown. Iris yellowish brown. Also several scales on opercle above dark drab-brown.
East Indies, Philippines. Compared with Weber’s figure my examples do not show the dark ventral or anal, though in most every other way they agree. The species appears to be distinguished by its coloration, especially in the longitudinal rows of dark spots on the body scales. Weber’s two examples were 385 to 490 mm long.
A515. Bulan Island. September 138, 1909. Length, 338 mm. Scales on side of body mostly with pale median spot. Head olive, with yellowish wash; opercular flap brilliant scarlet; little scarlet in premaxillary membranes but none on opercular membranes. Dorsals clear crimson; front spinous portion largely olive, also showing as spots in posterior basal portion. Anal membranes orange terminally, more yellowish olive basally. Caudal membranes similar to soft dorsal but not so bright. Paired fins pale brassy; pectorals scarlet at base and in axil, first ray somewhat slaty.
8832. Maculabo Island. June 14, 1909. Length, 300 mm. Side crossed by two longitudinal yellow bands, one in region of lateral line and one backward from upper base of pectoral. Fin rays somewhat vermilion, taking form of bars on caudal base and more or less mottled on dorsal. This specimen from deeper water than usual.
3 LETHRINUS MAHSENA (Forskal)
Sciaena mahsena ForsKAu, Descript. Animal., pp. x11, 52, 1775 (type locality: Arabia).—BoNNATERRE, Tabl. Ichth., p. 124, 1788 (Red Sea).—GmMeEtin, Syst. Nat. Linn., vol. 1, p. 1304, 1789 (Arabia).
Sparus mahsena LackrEpDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 4, pp. 34, 111, 1802 (Arabia).
Lethrinus mahsena VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 6, p. 3138, 1830 (copied).—RitPreLt, Neue Wirbelth., Fische, p. 119, pl. 29, fig. 4, 1835 (Red Sea).—Ginruer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, p. 468, 1859 (Red Sea).—ScuMmettz, Cat. Mus. Godeffroy, No. 4, p. 14, 1869 (Kandavu).— KLUNZINGER, Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 20, p. 753, 1870 (types of Lethrinus bungus and Lethrinus abbreviatus)—GtntTHeER, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, vols. 2-8, pts. 5-6, p. 65, pl. 48, 1874 (Seychelles, Philippines, Pelew, Fiji, Hervey, Paumotu Islands).—Prtrrers, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1876, p. 488 (Mauritius) —BirrKker, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 8, p. 113, 1876-1877 (on GinrHEeR).—KossMan and RAvBER, Wiss. Ergebn. Reise Kiistengeb. Roth. Meers, vol. 1, p. 11,1877 (Red Sea).—Kossman, Zool. Anz., vol. 2, p. 22, 1879 (Red Sea).—Giintusrr, Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc., vol. 168, p. 471, 1879 (Rodriguez).— KLunzi1nGER, Fische Roth. Meer., p. 40, 1884—Meryemr, Anal. Soc. Espafi. Hist. Nat., Madrid, vol. 14, p. 19, 1885 (Cebu; Kordo, Mysore).—BouLencer, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1887, p. 658 (Muscat).—Sauvace, Hist. Nat. Madagascar, Poiss., p. 205, pl. 25, figs. 2-2a, 1891 (type of Lethrinus abbreviatus).—JORDAN and SEALE, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 25, p. 270, 1905 (1906) (Apia) —ZuGmayeEr, Abh. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., math.-phys. K1., vol. 26, pt. 6, p. 11, 1913 (Oman).— Bamber, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, Zool., vol. 31, p. 481, 1915 (Sudanese Red Sea).—Fow.ueEr, Copeia, No. 58, p. 64, 1918 (Philippines).—FowLEeR and Batu, Bishop Mus. Bull. 26, p. 14, 1925 (Wake Island).—HeErreE and MonrTa.BaN, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 33, No. 4, p. 417, pl. 8, fig. 1, 1927 (Subic Bay and Bantayan Island).—Fowter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel- phia, p. 281, 1927 (Philippines); Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 212, 1928 (Mangareva, Wake Island, Ponapé, Apia); vol. 11, No. 5, p. 334, 1931 (reference).
54 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Lethrinus masena Pout, Cat. Mus. Godeffroy, No. 9, p. 29, 1884 (South Seas).
Lethrinus bungus (EHRENBERG) VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 6, p. 279, 1830 (type locality: Indian Ocean; Suez; Massuah).
Lethrinus abbreviatus (EHRENBERG) VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 6, p. 312, 1830 (type locality: Red Sea) —Prrrrs, Arch. Naturg., 1855, p. 243
(Mozambique). Lethrinus erythropterus VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 6, p. 313, 1830
(type locality: Ulea). ?Lethrinus erythrophthalmus Kirriirz, Denkwerk. Reis. Mikrones., vol. 2, p. 87, 1858 (type locality: Senjawins Island, in Lat. 6° N., long. 20/4° W.)
Depth 2% to 2%; head 2% to 3, width 14 to 24%. Snout 1% to 2 in head; eye 3 to 4%, 1% to 2% in snout, little greater than interorbital in young to 1%, with age; maxillary reaches slightly beyond front nostril though not quite opposite hind one, length 2% to 2% in head; lips moderately wide, coriaceous; band of villiform teeth in each jaw, with outer row enlarged, largely conic, as 4 canines in front of each and last 3 each side broadly molar, often with slight median depres- sion; interorbital 3 to 3% in head, broadly convex; naked region of head very finely striate, forming more or less vertically on cheek. Gill rakers 4 or 5+5, short, broad tubercles, about } of gill filaments, which 2% io eye.
Scales 43 or 44 in lateral line to caudal base and 1 to 3 more on latter; 6 above, 14 to 16 below, 7 to 9 predorsal; caudal and pectoral bases finely scaled. Scales with 14 to 20 basal radiating striae, with 2 to 5 auxiliaries; 106 to 183 apical denticles, with 4 to 10 transverse series of basal elements; circuli fine.
D. X, 9, 1, fourth spine 2% to 3% in head, fourth ray 2% to ne A SEIT 8, a1, tied spine 2% by 3%, fourth ray 2% to 2%; caudal 1} t 1%, oil pIpangina ye; least depth of caudal vedenale 2% to 27; ene 1 to 1%; ventral 1% to 1%.
Body pale brown, but slightly lighter below, otherwise uniform. Head contrasted dull chocolate-brown, little paler on under surface. Tris dull yellowish. Fins all pale like general body color. Pectoral base sometimes brownish.
Red Sea, Arabia, Mauritius, Rodriguez, Seychelles, Philippines, Micronesia, Polynesia. Known chiefly by its coloration. In pre- served specimens the head is usually chocolate-brown and well con- trasted with the remaining general pale coloration. Further, as shown in Giinther’s figure, the hind preopercle edge and hind opercle edge are usually deep or dark brown. I find the eye very variable, often quite large in young examples. In many from Oceania the scales above the lateral line often varied 5 or 6 to the spinous dorsal, though 5 is the more frequent. I have also thought Lethrinus erythropterus Valenciennes a synonym as the brief notice of its coloration suggests this. My largest example was 462 mm long.
Lethrinus mahsena is often with difficulty distinguished from Lethrinus hypselopterus, as preserved examples frequently have the
FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE SEAS AND ADJACENT WATERS d5
characters little differentiated. However, Lethrinus mahsena usually has a more abrupt front profile to the head, so that the jaws are less protruded; also the upper profile of the snout is usually much less concave, while in Lethrinus hypselopterus the snout is often quite protruded anteriorly in comparison. Great variation occurs in the eyes of both species.
Lethrinus abbreviatus is based on a drawing 188 mm long. Back elevated. Depth nearly % length. Blue-green, crossed by 10 to 12 regular brown bands.
6516, 8142, 8167, 8174, 9257, 17746, 17747. Alibijaban Island, Ragay Gulf, Luzon. March 6, 1909. Length, 185 to 280 mm. [8167.] Side with five reddish longitudinal bands, first above Jateral line, second immediately below its front portion but crosses below soft dorsal, third from opercle point and crosses on middle of caudal peduncle, fourth from behind upper pectoral base to just below middle of caudal peduncle, fifth backward from lower pectoral base to anal axil. Snout and top of head smoky olivaceous, cheeks lighter; bar across top of eyeball and Jittle of lower orbit cherry red; bar of same behind hind preopercle edge and across opercle. Fins bright vermilion terminally; entire membranes and rays of soff dorsal vermilion. Pectoral pale orange, upper ray somewhat vermilion at tip and membranes clear. Ventrals pale yellow, front edge purplish, membranes clear.
8108, 19265. Alimango Bay, Burias Island. March 5,1909. Length, 232 to 243 mm. Somewhat olivaceous above, fading pearly silvery gray, with center of each scale somewhat lighter than border. Breast and belly white. Lemon- yellow bar extends from above pectoral posteriorly, includes most of caudal and caudal peduncle but becomes obsolete sometime after death. Top of head and preorbitals dark olive, with bronze shades; inside mouth and mouth cor- ners scarlet. Vertical fins clear vermilion. Pectorals very slightly vermilion. Ventrals pale.
7730. Baganga Bay. May 13, 1908. Length, 1938 mm.
A504. Balukbaluk Island. September 12, 1909. Length, 303 mm.
8714. Batan and Rapurapu Islands. June 5, 1909. Length, 305 mm.
8639, 8667, 23725 [1567]. Biri Channel. June 1-2, 1909. Length, 153 to 328 mm. [8667.] Body without red coloration. No preorbital bar. Vertical fins very pale vermilion. [1567.] Largely grayish green. Broad bronze or yellowish band from above pectoral base to caudal. Head washed with bronze. Dorsal and anal clear vermilion. Caudal yellowish, vermilion at edges and tip. Paired fins very pale pink.
18478 [963], 18790. Bolalo Bay, Palawan. December 21, 1909. Length, 144 to 160 mm. [963.] No blotches or stripes. Head with brassy reflections. Caudal yellow, vermilion shades at tip, other fins more or less vermilion.
12453, 14801. Bugsuk Island, Balabac. January 5,1909. Length, 174to 188mm.
6699, 5627, 8060, 8366. Busin Harbor, Burias Island. April 22, 1908. Length, 190 to 205 mm. [5599.] Above each scale with yellowish-green center, bor- ders brownish, below centers paler or silvery and borders more indistinct and yellowish. Side of body with 4 broad orange longitudinal bands below lateral line with interspaces pale yellowish green. Above lateral line obscure parallel band. Breast and belly white. Head olive above; cheek with bronze reflec- tions; crimson band down hind limb of preopercle and front of opercle; opercle flap crimson; crimson tinge below eye; lips pink; inside mouth and premaxillary membranes scarlet; iris golden with upper eyelid vermilion. Dorsal olive and brown, membranes tipped vermilion; soft dorsal with membranes clear ver-
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milion. Anals dusky lemon-yellow, with orange edge to soft fin. Caudal dusky and vermilion. Pectoral pale yellow, membranes clear. Ventral yel- lowish, front edges dusky.
5233, 5235, 5236 [1310.] Canmahala Bay, Ragay Gulf, Luzon. March 11, 1909. Length, 212 to 224 mm. [1310.] Back olive, fading to pearl gray; center of each scale pearly; lower sides silvery, becoming white on breast and belly. Side with pale red longitudinal bands, first indistinct on second row of scales above lateral line, second close below lateral line and joins third which level with opercular point on caudal peduncle, fourth behind pectoral base, fifth obscurely below lower pectoral base. Side also with four or five transverse dark bars, first on nuchal region, fourth below first soft dorsal rays and last from hind dorsal rays. Top of head olive, side paler with yellow tinge; pre- opercle edges blood red; red on upper eyeball and lower orbit; inside mouth red. Dorsal with bright vermilion shades; spinous portion clear, vermilion showing both on membranes and spines; only soft fin bright. Anals orange, bright only at margin. Caudal dusky vermilion. Pectoral clear orange, dusky in axil, shows slightly at upper base above fifth ray. Ventral very pale.
11697, 11698. Capunuypugan Point, Mindanao. May 10, 1908. Length, 158 to 178 mm.
11843. Caracaran, Batan Island. June 8, 1909. Length, 203 mm.
12088. Cavite market. December 1, 1908. Length, 156 mm.
7579, 7608. Cebu market. April 6, 1908. Length, 192 mm.
7512, 16332, 16333. Chase Head, Endeavor Strait, Palawan. December 22, 1908. Length, 192 to 264 mm. [7512.] Pale vermilion lateral stripes. No preorbital bar. Bright crimson tinge below preopercle and at opercle tip.
19033. Dasol Bay. May 8, 1909. Length, 128 mm.
4624. Grande Island Reef, Subig Bay. January 8, 1908. Length, 175 mm.
8991, 11863. Gubat Bay. June 23, 1909. Length, 223 to 278 mm.
13204. Jolo Island, Jolo. March 7, 1908. Length, 140 mm.
22814 [429], 22815. Jolo. March 6-7, 1908. Length, 110 to 133 mm. [429.] In formalin general color olive-green, crossed by pale bar posteriorly in life. Dorsals and anals washed with vermilion. Caudal orange-vermilion.
8767. Lahuy Island. June 11, 1909. Length, 203 mm. Back pale dusky, breast and lower portions of sides nearly white. Broad lateral reddish brown band from pectoral base to caudal base. When fresh sides with numerous irregular vertical bars, later in fading each scale shows pearl-gray center most marked above lateral line. Fins clear, with very pale vermilion wash.
11358 to 11361, 19207, 22044. Maagnas, Lagonoy Gulf, Luzon. June 17, 1909. Length, 130 to 195 mm.
8819. Maculabo [sland. June 13, 1909. Length, 318 mm.
8829, 8830. Maculabo Island. June 14, 1909. Length, 257 to 287 mm.
9201. Mahinog, Camiguin Island. August 3, 1909. Length, 226 mm.
8829, 12528. Malcochin Harbor, Linapacan Island. December 19, 1908. Length, 183 to 203 mm.
7610. Mansalay, Mindoro. June 4, 1908. Length, 195 mm.
15965. Masbate Reef. April 20, 1908. Length, 190 mm.
11209. Matnog Bay. May 31, 1909. Length, 218 mm.
6231. Medio Island, Galera Bay, Mindoro. June 9, 1908. Length, 287 mm.
8229. Murcielagos Bay, Mindanao. August 20, 1909. Length, 195 mm.
4680, 13993. Nasugbu, Luzon. January 16, 1908. Length, 158 to 180 mm.
6531. Off Daet. June 15, 1909. Length, 175 mm.
15166. Pagapas Bay. February 20, 1909. Length, 198 mm.
One example. Philippines. Length, 233 mm.
5893. Polloc, Mindanao. May 22, 1908. Length, 227 mm.
FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE SEAS AND ADJACENT WATERS 57
8019, 15923 [1165]. Port Banalacan, Marinduque. February 23, 1909. Length 212 to 218 mm. [1165.] Sides anteriorly diffused with dusky in life, after death fading silvery gray. Four or five broad copper red bands in life, fade to pale red after death. Head dusky olive; blood red at preopercle margin, tip or opercle and streak crossing eye above and below; inside mouth red. Vertical fins vermilion; both dorsal and anal clear anteriorly, latter with more or less orange terminally. Pectoral rays orange, membranes clear. Ventral rays white, with very yellowish tinge, membranes clear.
8639, 10734, 10735, 10737 to 10739. Port Ciego, Balabac. January 3, 1909. Length, 140 to 223 mm.
6344, 6349, 6397, 16612. Port Jamelo. July 13, 1908. Length, 145 to 230 mm. Five examples.
6143. Puerta Princesa, Palawan. April 5,1909. Length, 198 mm.
11177. Rasa Island, Mantaquin Bay, Palawan. Aprill1,1909. Length 203 mm.
9367. Romblon Harbor. March 25, 1908. Length, 160 mm.
18624 [1283]. Saboon Island, Ragay Gulf, Luzon. March 10, 1909. Length, 128mm. Olive and silvery gray, white below. Side with five obscure saddle- like transverse bars, somewhat more distinct after fish faded. No lateral dark blotch or red longitudinal bands. Vertical fins more or less vermilion toward ends. Caudal yellowish basally. Pectoral very pale clear pink, dusky in axil. Ventral pale, with slight purplish shade.
9135, 9136. San Roque, Leyte. July 29, 1909. Length, 235 or 236 mm.
A554. Sulado Island. September 17, 1909. Length, 220 mm.
7338. Tara Island. December 14, 1908. Length, 280 mm. Upper surfaces dark olive, below white. Scales above with dusky centers, those along middle of side with blackish centers. Side of head with orange-bronze shades, but without stripes or bars; opercular and preopercular margins bronzy; upper lip pinkish; inside mouth scarlet, but not to gill opening. Dorsal membranes clear vermilion, ends bright. Anal like dorsal, bright vermilion at base. Caudal with brassy overshades extending to middle of side, edges vermilion. Pectoral rays orange, membranes clear. Ventrals pinkish.
18884. Tilig, Lubang. July 15, 1908. Length 180 mm.
6668. Varadero Bay, Mindoro. July 23, 1908. Length, 64 to 194 mm. Two examples. Smaller with seven obscure dark blotches along back and reflected alternately below lateral line.
5927. Zamboanga. May 25,1908. Length, 340mm.
7763. Manila market. June 17, 1908. Length, 319 mm. Outer portion of lower caudal lobe evidently bitten off and healed, rays curved.
A1487, A1494. Kait Point, Libani Bay, Celebes, Dutch East Indies. December 29,1909. Length, 217 to 233 mm.
A1350. Great Tobea Island. December 15, 1909. Length, 296 mm.
A1328. Tomahu Island, northend of Bouro. December 11,1909. Length, 305mm.
A15119. Doc Can Island. January 7, 1910. Length, 270 mm.
U.S.N.M. No. 34808. Apia, Samoa. May 15, 1883. Dr. W.H. Jones. Length, 196 mm.
U.S.N.M. No. 52377. Apia. Bureau of Fisheries (No.02428). Length, 245mm.
LETHRINUS LEUTJANUS (Lacépéde)
Bodianus lentjan Lachekper, Hist. Nat. Poiss, vol. 4, pp. 281, 298, 1802 (‘‘Col- lection zoologique cédée par la Hollande 4 la France’’; no locality).
Lethrinus leutjanus VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss, vol. 6, p. 309, 1830 (no locality, probably Java).—Ginruer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, p. 461, 1859 (no locality)—Scumettz, Cat. Mus. Godeffroy, No. 1, p. 8, 1864 (South Seas)—Kner, Reise Novara, Fische, p. 82, 1865 (Madras).— BuLeEKkerR, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 8, p. 120, pl. (76)354, fig. 5,
58 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
1876-1877 (Sumatra, Java, Amboina).—Po6uL, Cat. Mus. Godeffroy, No. 9, p. 44, 1884 (Indian Seas) —Meyer, Anal. Soc. Espan. Hist. Nat., Madrid, vol. 14, p. 19, 1885 (North Celebes).—Jorpan and EvermMann, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 25, p. 350, 1902 (Formosa, Giran).—JorDAN and RicHaRD- son, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 4, No. 4, p. 189, 1909 (Giran).—Fow er, Copeia, No. 58, p. 64, 1918 (Philippines) ——Hrrre and MonraBan, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 33, No. 4, p. 421, pl. 4, fig. 2, 1927 (Banaran and Sitanki Islands).—Fowtsr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1927, p. 281 (Philippines); Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 215, 1928 (Hawaiian Islands) ; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929 (1930), p. 609 (Hong Kong); Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 11, No. 5, p. 335, 1931 (reference).
Letrinus leutjanus ELera, Cat. Fauna Filip., vol. 1, p. 482, 1895 (Luzon, Manila Bay). (Error.)
Lethrinus sordidus VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 6, p. 298, 1830 (type locality: New Guinea).—B.irEeker, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 8, p. 121, 1876-1877 (copied).
Lethrinus cocosensis BLEEKER, Nat. Tijds. Nederland. Indié, vol. 7, p. 40, 1854 (type locality: Nova Selma, Cocos-Keeling Islands).—GitntTuer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, p. 459, 1859 (compiled).—BLrrxer, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland, vol. 8, p. 121, pl. (18)296, fig. 1, 1876-1877 (Cocos, Celebes, Hal- maheira, New Guinea).—Fow er, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 215, 1928 (note).
Lethrinus glyphodon GinrHER. Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, p. 462, 1859 (type locality: Louisiades).—Scumipt, Trans. Pacific Comm. Acad. Sci. U.S.S. R., vol. 1, p. 49, 1930 (Yaeyama, Riu Kiu).
Lethrinus gliphodon CastTELNAv, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 3, p. 350, 1879.
?Lethrinus fasciatus (not VALENCIENNES) Kner, Reise Novara, Fische, p. 82, 1865 (type locality: Australia).
?Lethrinus fusciceps MacuEay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 2, p. 350, pl. 8, fig. 1, 1878 (type locality: Port Darwin).
Depth 2% to 2%; head 2% to 2%, width 2 to 2%. Snout 14 to 2% in head; eye 3% to 44, 1% to 2% in snout, slightly greater than interorbital to 144 with age; maxillary reaches opposite front nostril, little short of front nostril in young, length 2% to 2% in head; lips moderately thick, coriaceous; teeth as broad villiform bands in front of each jaw, with outer row of enlarged conic teeth, of which 4 front ones above and below caninelike and last 3 or 4 each side enlarged as conic molars; interorbital 4 to 4%, broadly convex; naked regions of head finely rugose. Gill rakers 4+5, short, broad, low tubercles, about % of gill filaments.
Seales 44 to 46 in lateral line to caudal base and 2 or 3 more on latter; 6 above, 14 or 15 below, 8 predorsal; small scales on caudal and pectoral bases. Scales with 13 to 21 basal radiating striae, with 4 to 7 incomplete auxiliaries; 70 to 140 apical denticles, with 5 to 22 trans- verse series of basal elements; circuli very fine.
D. X, 9, 1, fourth spine 2% to 3% in head, fourth ray 2% to 2%; A. ITI, 8, 1, third spine 3% to 3%, first ray 3 to 3%; caudal 1% to 1%, deeply emarginate; least depth of caudal peduncle 3 to 3%; pectoral 1 to 1%; ventral 1% to 1%.
FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE SEAS AND ADJACENT WATERS 59
Rather light brown generally. Naked portion of head deeper or drab- brown. Iris golden brown. Edge of gill opening broadly brown all! around.
Madagascar, East Indies, Philippines, China, Formosa, Riu Kiu, Australia, Melanesia, Hawaii. The very imperfect account by Valenciennes, who accepts the Bodianus leutjan Lacépéde, is not con- clusive, still I follow Giinther and Bleeker. The latter rejects Kner’s Lethrinus leutjanus from Madras chiefiy as there are five scales above the lateral line in the description and the paired fins reach to the anal, also the enlarged posterior teeth in the outer row are spherical. Its upper jaw is said to reach nearly below the anterior nostril. From this and from the rest of Kner’s account I think it may be simply a variant. The five scales above the lateral line and the paired fins reaching opposite the anal origin will surely not preclude its identity with the present species, as I find some of my specimens with these characters.
Provisionally I have placed Lethrinus sordidus Valenciennes and Lethrinus cocosensis Bleeker as synonyms. These are based on smail or young specimens, and [| find little to distinguish them. Possibly Lethrinus glyphodon Giinther is another synonym. It shows: Depth 2% to 3 times in the total length, compared with 3% in total length for his Lethrinus leutjanus. It was based on a dried skin 346 mm long. Professor Schmidt has recently identified Giinther’s form from Riu Kiu, based on two small examples 134 and 160 mm long.
Lethrinus fusciceps Macleay may be this species. It is with the following: Depth 2%; head 3, upper profile straight. Snout 2 in head; eye 4, 2 in snout; maxillary reaches % to eye, length 3% in head; teeth conic, 2 distinct canines in lower jaw; interorbital low. Scales 47 in lateral line; present on opercle, single row behind eye. D. X, 9, third spine longest; A. III, 8, second spine longest; caudal forked; pectoral nearly long as head; ventral 1%. Scales uniformly yellowish. Head brown. Dorsal membrane opaque, yellowish at base. Length, 228 mm.
8141, 8168, 9258. Alibijaban Island, Ragay Gulf, Luzon. March 6, 1909. Length, 204 to 250 mm. [8168.] Pale reddish longitudinal bands on sides 3, possibly another above lateral line in life, first below lateral line anteriorly crosses same below dorsal axil, second from middle of opercle back to middle of caudal peduncle, third behind pectoral base to lower caudal peduncle. Head olive, without cherry bars on opercular edges or across eye. Fins vermilion.
7836, 7837, 9359, 12207, 15970. Bugsuk Island, Balabac. January 5, 1909. Length, 230 to 286 mm.
A521. Bulan Island. September 13, 1909. Length, 298 mm.
A578. Busbus Point, Siasi Island. September 20, 1909. Length, 318 mm.
17693. Busin Harbor, Burias Island. March 8, 1909. Length, 223 mm.
8805. Butauanan Island, Luzon. June 13, 1909. Length, 300 mm. 8376. Calangaman Island. March 16, 1909. Length, 260 mm.
134789—33——_5
60 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
7790, 7791. Candaraman Island, Balabac. January 4, 1909. Length, 258 to 275 mm.
8851. Dasol Bay. May 9, 1909. Length, 275 mm.
6623. East side Verde Island. July 22, 1908. Length, 282 mm.
18833. Endeavor Strait, Palawan. December 22, 1908. Length, 198 mm.
8993. Gubat Bay. June 23, 1909. Length, 274 mm.
10825. Langao Point, Luzon. June 24, 1909. Length, 203 mm.
10878. Limbones Cove, Manila Bay. February 8, 1909. Length, 221 mm.
6033, 6034. Little Santa Cruz Island. May 28, 1908. Length, 294 to 317 mm.
11360. Maagnas, Lagonoy Gulf, Luzon. June 17, 1909. Length, 194 mm.
9202. Mahinog, Camiguin Island. August 3, 1909. Length, 280 mm.
8516. Makesi Island, Palawan. April 5, 1909. Length, 260 mm.
16923. Makesi Island. April 5, 1909. Length, 218 mm.
12421, 12422. Malabang market, Mindanao. May 22, 1908. Length, 171 or 172 mm.
6206. Malapascua Island. March 16, 1909. Length, 218 mm.
6585. Maricaban Island near Sepoc Point. July 21, 1908. Length, 260 mm.
6231. Medio Island, Galera Bay, Mindoro. June 9, 1908. Length, 290 mm.
9359. Murcielagos Bay, Mindoro. April 21, 1909. Length, 244 mm.
17685. Murcielagos Bay. August 9,1909. Length, 207 mm.
9215, 12581. Opol, Mindanao. August 4, 1909. Length, 208 to 260 mm.
9615. Pagapas Bay, Luzon. February 20, 1909. Length, 203 mm.
8200. Port Busin, Burias Island. March 8, 1909. Length, 248 mm.
6545. Port Maricaban, Luzon. July 21,1908. Length, 252mm. Orange band from pectoral to caudal peduncle.
8278. San Miguel Island, Tabaco Bay. June 4, 1909. Length, 208 mm.
8641. Simaluc Sibi Sibi Island. September 23, 1909. Length, 284 mm.
4999, 5000. Simonor Island, Tawitawi Group. February 24, 1908. Length, 220 to 223 mm. Pale olivaceous crossed by eight or nine very indistinct darker bars along side. Distinct salmon-red band from pectoral axil to lower side of caudal peduncle.
7850. Taganak Island. January 7, 1909. Length, 280 mm. Pale reddish bands on side, three below lateral line wide as pupil. Inside mouth scarlet, but not to gill opening. Fins reddish.
A513. Tapiantana Island. September 13, 1909. Length, 290 mm.
7338. Tara Island. December 14, 1908. Length, 282 mm.
4926. Tataan, Simulac Island, Tawitawi Group. February 20, 1908. Length, 253 mm.
8917. Tictuan Island. September 8, 1909. Length, 215 mm.
6428. Tilig, Lubang Island. July 14, 1908. Length, 248 mm.
5040. Anchorage at Sibutu Island, Sandakan, Borneo. February 28, 1908. Length, 273 mm.
A1511. Birabirahan Island, Borneo. December 31, 1909. Length, 290 mm.
A14387, A1470. Kait Point, Libani Bay, Celebes. December 29, 1909. Length, 223 to 275 mm.
A1351. Great Tobea Island. December 15, 1909. Length, 265 mm.
A1399. Tampotana Island. December 31, 1909. Length, 239 mm.
A1216. Gomomo Island. December 3, 1909. Length, 293 mm.
A1329. Tomahu Island, north end Bouro Island. December 11,1909. Length, 270 mm.
A1520. Doc Can Island. January 7, 1910. Length, 278 mm.
FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE SEAS AND ADJACENT WATERS 61
LETHRINUS OLIVACEUS Valenciennes
Lethrinus olivaceus VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 6, p. 295, 1830 (type locality: Anjer, Sunda Straits, Java) —Prrerrs, Arch. Naturg., 1855, p. 243 (Mozambique).—SavuvaGe, Hist. Nat. Madagascar, Poiss., p. 198, pl. 23, figs. 8, a-b, 1891 (Madagascar; types of Lethrinus olivaceus and Lethrinus waigiensis; Seychelles).
Lethrinus waigiensis VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 6, p. 297, 1880 (type locality: Waigiu; New Guinea).
Depth 3; head 3, upper profile very slightly arched. Snout 2 in suborbital depth to maxillary expansion; maxillary reaches % to eye, length 2% in head; canines weak and teeth pointed; interorbital low.
Scales 52 in lateral line (57 on figure); 6 above, 13 below, predorsal forward opposite hind eye edge; apparently small postocular scale.
D. X, 9, fourth spine 2% in head, second ray 2%; A. III, 8, third spine 4, second ray 2%; caudal 1%, deeply forked; least depth of caudal peduncle 3; pectoral 1%; ventral 1%. (Sauvage.)
Mozambique, Madagascar, Seychelles, East Indies. Valenciennes gives the following coloration: Olive-green on back, head and tail below more yellow; lips reddish, also base of preopercle. Cheek rayed by 5 oblique green bands, of which 3 upper from eye to lips and other 2 interrupted and undulate. Spinous dorsal yellowish, edged orange and spots of flame gold and large dots of olive at base of each spine; membranes of soft dorsal golden, also pectoral and caudal rays yellow. Anal and ventral yellow. Length, 200 mm.
Sauvage contends the present species is different from Lethrinus miniatus. Lethrinus waigiensis and Lethrinus olivaceus were identified with Lethrinus miniatus by Bleeker, though Sauvage, after an exami- nation of the types, found they differed chiefly in smaller scales and less extended snout. Lethrinus waigiensis was based on an example but 175 mm long and described as brown on the back, silvery below. Snout blackish and body clouded with large blackish marblings. Some traces of brown bands on jaws.
LETHRINUS MICRODON Valenciennes Lethrinus microdon VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 6, p. 295, 1830 (type locality: Bouro).—Savvageg, Hist. Nat. Madagascar, Poiss., p. 198, pl. 25, figs. l—a, 1891 (type).
Depth 3%; head 3, upper profile very slightly convex. Snout 2% in head from snout tip; eye 3%, 1% in snout, equals suborbital depth; mandible slightly protrudes; maxillary reaches 4 to eye, length 2% in head from snout tip; canines weak (shown as moderate on figure), hind teeth small and pointed; interorbital low, less than eye.
Scales 48 in lateral line (44 on figure); 3 above, 12 below, predorsal shown forward only opposite hind preopercle ridge; no postocular scale.
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D. X, 9, third spine 3 in head, third ray 2%; A. ILI, 8, third spine 4%, second ray 3%; caudal 1%, emarginate; least depth of caudal peduncle 3\%o; pectoral 1%; ventral 1%. (Sauvage.)
Uniform greenish. Muzzle clouded. Traces of bluish streaks before eye. Length, 305mm. (Valenciennes.)
Bouro Island. Apparently differs in the small pectoral fin, shown by Sauvage as 1% in the head.
LETHRINUS BORBONICUS Valenciennes Lethrinus borbonicus VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 6, p. 303, 1830 (type locality: Saint Denis, Bourbon).—GuicHENot, Notes He Réunion, vol. 2, p. 25, 1862—Savuvacs, Hist. Nat. Madagascar, Poiss., pl. 21, fig. 2, 1891 (type).—Barnarp, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 21, pt. 2, p. 634, 1927 (Delagoa Bay).
Depth 3%; head 3}o, He profile slightly depressed over eye. Snout 2 in head; eye 3%, 1%5 in snout, equals preorbital depth; maxil- lary reaches % te eye, ae 274 in heed ; strong canines (apparently 4) in front of sie jaw, hind teeth obtuse molars, each with deep longi- tudinal groove; interorbital low, broader than eye.
Scales 48 (figure shows 56) in lateral line to caudal base; (5 above, 14 below; predorsal scales forward opposite eye).
D. X, 9, fourth spine 2% in head, first ray 234; A. III, 9, second and third spines subequal, 2% in head first ray 2%; aun 1%, little emarginate; least depth of caudal senkhard 2%; pectoral 15; ventral 2.
Yellowish, with silvery reflections. Head brown. Gorge and fins rosy. (Sauvage.)
Bourbon, Delagoa Bay. The type, obtained by Gaimard, was 175 mm long. Sauvage says this species is characterized by the short snout and the convex front profile above the eye.
LETHRINUS CAERULEUS Valenciennes Lethrinus caeruleus VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 6, p. 301, 1830 (type locality: Seychelles)—Sauvags, Hist. Nat. Madagascar, Poiss., p. 202, pl. 21, fig. 3, 1891 (type).
Depth 275; head 2%, upper profile little convex just before eye. Snout 1% im head; eye 3%, 2% in snout; maxillary reaches % to eye, length 2% in eye; teeth as 4 moderate canines apparently in front of each jaw as shown on figure followed by 4 or 5 similar conic teeth; molars somewhat stronger above than below; interorbital low, little convex, greater than eye.
Scales 54 in lateral line to caudal base on figure; 6 above, 16 below; predorsal scales extend forward opposite hind eye edge.
D. X, 9, third spine 3% in head, third ray 2%; A. III, 8, 1, third spine 3, ae ray 2%; caudal 1%, truncate; least depth of caudal peduncle 2%; pectoral 1%; ventral 1%.
Light blue with silvery reflections. Black spot on tempie. Upper lip yellow. Ends of fins golden. (Sauvage.)
FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE SEAS AND ADJACENT WATERS 63
Seychelles. The types, obtained by Dussumier, were nearly 305 mim long. LETHRINUS ARGENTEUS Valenciennes Lethrinus argenteus VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 6, p. 303, 1830 (type locality: Seychelles)—Sauvacn, Hist. Nat. Madagascar, Poiss., p. 199, pl. 23, figs. 2a—b, 1891 (type).
Depth 2%; head 3, upper front profile straight. Snout 1% in head from snout tip; eye 3%, 2 in snout; maxillary reaches % to eye, expan- sion 1% in eye, length 2% in head from snout tip; teeth conic, small, more rounded in upper jaw; interorbital low, greater than eye.
Scales 55 in lateral line to caudal base and 6 more nontubular out over latter; 6 above, 17 below, predorsal scales forward opposite hind eye edge.
D. X, 9 (XI, 8 on figure), second spine 2% in total head length, fourth ray 2%; A. III, 8, second spine 3%, first ray 2%; caudal 1%, deeply emarginate; least depth of caudal peduncle 3%; pectoral 1%; ventral 1%.
Silvery, with nacry reflection; all fins rosy, except pectoral which is yellowish. (Sauvage.)
Valenciennes gives 175 mm as the length of his type. Sauvage says it is near Lethrinus fasciatus, but the latter differs in its convex pro- file. It suggests Lethrinus ramak, except the second dorsal spine is shown as the longest dorsal spine in Sauvage’s figure. In this respect it surely approaches close to Lethrinus nematacanthus.
Genus NEOLETHRINUS Castelnau
Neolethrinus CasTELNAU, Res. Fish. Austral. (Off. Ree. Philadelphia Exhib. Victoria), p. 11,1875. (Type, Neolethrinus similis CasTELNAU, orthotypic.) Like Lethrinus except whole palate and all inside of mouth with small molar teeth. One species in Queensland.
NEOLETHRINUS SIMILIS Castelnau
Neolethrinus similis CasTELNAU, Res. Fish. Australia (Off. Rec. Philadelphia Exhib. Victoria), p. 12, 1875 (type locality: Cape York, Queensland).— Macteay, Proe. Linn. Soe. New South Wales, vol. 5, p. 415, 1881 (on Cas- TELNAU).
Depth 2%; head 2%. Eye 3% in head; mouth rather extensible and pointed, cleft oblique. Lateral line with 52 scales. D. X, 9; A. III, 8; caudal bilobed. Gray. Large square obscure spot on most scales of back. On lower part of body traces of two or three slight longitu- dinal stripes of yellow tinge. Head rather purple, with ocellated round white spots on cheek. Throat white. Fins transparent, rather vellow. Membranes of spinous dorsal somewhat nebulous. Length, 100mm. (Macleay.)
Queensland.
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Family SPARIDAE
Body compressed, oblong ovate, usually somewhat elevated. Maxillary slips below preorbital most its length. No supplemental maxillary. Mouth small, nearly horizontal, somewhat protractile. Teeth villiform, conic, incisor or molarlike, seldom present (Hvynnis), or absent from vomer or palatines. Nostrils paired. Guill membranes free from isthmus. Gills 4, slit behind fourth. Pseudobranchiae present. Airbladder present. Pyloric coeca few. Scales mostly large, weakly crenulate or hardly ctenoid. Ventral with axillary flap. Lateral line single. Dorsal single, sometimes deeply notched. Anal spines 3. Caudal forked or emarginate. Ventrals thoracic, with spine and 5 rays.
A large family of shore fishes, carnivorous, some living in bays and estuaries. Mostly abundant in tropical or subtropical regions. Most all reproduce by pelagic eggs. Many species are valued food fishes, while others are sought for their angling qualities.
ANALYSIS OF GENERA
a!, Canines in one or both jaws, no incisors, molars on vomerine teeth; fins often with filaments, sometimes produced. 61, SympHorINAE. Front soft dorsal and anal rays end in long produced rays; coloration: brilliants22 Ss vas 2 Se ee ee Symphorus. b?. Dorsals, caudal and ventrals sometimes with filaments, not anal. c!. PENTAPODINAE. Outer of anterior slightly enlarged or front canines in jaws usually, flaring outward. 2. 3822S Se Pentapodus. c?. DrenTIcINAE. Canines few, anterior, not flaring outward. d', Cheek with less than 5, usually 3 (rarely 4), rows of scales._ Synagris. d?. Cheek with more than 5 rows of scales. élic;: Top/iofi head’. scaly. sages Seb: see Pott Ee Dentex. é. Topofi head nakeds sds bin uanet) . AAI Tt Gymnocranius. a2. SPARINAE. Front teeth conic or incisorlike; lateral teeth molar. f'. Front teeth conic, not compressed or incisorlike. gi. Front teeth in both jaws strong, decidedly caninelike; body mostly deep and compressed. h!, Palate toothless.
a}. Molars UMISenials =. set Ae a en eee Monotaxis. q3,7) Molars: biseriala2c£ _ S22 sea etek aes Chrysophrys.
#. Molars in 8 or 4 series. ji. Some anterior dorsal spines elongate and filamentous,
longer thancheades 222 Se ees ere ee Argyrops.
j?. Dorsal spines moderate, not prolonged, shorter than head.
ki. SMiolars’strope lateral: ese eee eee Sparus.
k?, Molars small, form innermost row or band of teeth;
outer teeth conic but not canine__--- Boopsoidea.
h?. Vomer with few conic teeth in front______-______- Evynnis.
g. Front teeth in both jaws cardiform, not caninelike; body more, Oblong OF ClongALe. 225225 ae eee Pagellus.
FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE SEAS AND ADJACENT WATERS 65
f?. Front teeth incisors, none canines. lt, Snout obtuse; incisors broad; molars 2 to 4
SCrlCS= i oe we oe eae Diplodus. 2. Snout pointed; incisors narrow, produced; hind teeth very small and uniserial_---__- Puntazzo.
.a3, SCATHARINAE. Fixed incisors in front of jaws only; no molars, nor teeth on palate; herbivorous. m', Cheeks scaled. n!, Incisors broad, notched at tip, uniserial, with- out cardiform teeth behind. o'!. Body elongate, subcylindrical; dorsal spines
T4 Oreo eee eee 1s ae ts Boops. o?. Body oblong, compressed; dorsal spines 11. Sarpa.
n2, Incisors narrow, lanceolate, with band of cardiform teeth behind; dorsal spines 10
Orit 2e0E Lee. a EA Spondyliosoma,. m?, Cheeks naked; opercle scaly; dorsal spines 1 Oa eee ee Gymnocrotaphus.
Genus SYMPHORUS Giinther
Symphorus Ginruer, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. 9, p. 488, 1872. (Type, Symphorus taeniolaius GUNTHER, monotypic.)
Maxillary teeth in several rows, anterior partly caninelike. Pre- opercle edge denticulate. Pseudobranchiae well developed. Bran- chiostegals 7. Scales of trunk ctenoid, in 55 rows. Head and opercles all scaled, 5 to 10 rows on cheek, preopercle flange naked. Dorsal and anal scaleless, rays acutely produced, spinous fins greatly lower. Dorsal spines 10, rays 16 or 17. Anal spines 3, rays 9 to 11.
Large, brilliant sparoids of the Western Pacific, with soft dorsal and anal rays produced.
ANALYSIS OF SPECIES
a!, White transverse collar at nape; black saddle on upper surface of caudal
Peaunclew | 25S) re gta eS — eae 2 spilurus. a?. No white transverse collar at nape; no black saddle on upper surface of caudal peduncles 3.2 ee ee a eee S forsteri.
SYMPHORUS SPILURUS Giinther FIGURE 7
Symphorus spilurns GUntHER, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, vol. 2-3, pts. 5-6, p. 61, 1874 (type locality: Pelew Islands). (Typographical error.)
Symphorus spilurus Ginruer, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, vol. 2-3, pts. 5-6, pl. 67, 1874.—Scumettz, Cat. Mus. Godeffroy, No. 6, p. 12, 1877 (Pelew Islands). —Fow.er, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 220, 1928 (copied); Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929 (1930), p. 610 (Hong Kong).—Duncker and Morr, Mitteil. Zool. Mus. Hamburg, vol. 44, p. 62, 1931 (Tauwi, Admiralty Islands).
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Three figures of variation
FIGURE 7.—Symphorus spilurus Ginther.
FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE SEAS AND ADJACENT WATERS 67
Depth 2% to 2%; head 2% to 3%, width 2 to 2%. Snout 2% to 24%in head from snout tip; eye 4% to 5, 1% to 2 in snout, 1% to 1% in interor- bital; maxillary reaches opposite § to \% in eye, expansion 1% to 2% in eye, length 2% to 2% in head from snout tip; teeth small, short, as row of submolars above and about 3 rows of smaller ones in mandible, also front of each jaw with outer row of short conic canines, slightly more prominent than other teeth; interorbital 2% to 4%, convex; preopercle with very minute, obsolete denticles. Gill rakers 5+15, short tuberclelike points, 1% in gill filaments.
Seales 50 to 56 in lateral line along and above course to caudal base and 5 or 6 more on latter; tubes 50 or 51 in lateral line to caudal base and 5 to 9 more on latter; 10 to 12 above, 18 to 23 below, 17 to 20 predorsal to occiput, 8 to 11 on cheek to preopercle edge, flange naked. Suprascapula with feeble denticles. Scales with 12 to 15 basal radiating striae; 46 to 112 apical denticles, weak, obsolete, with 6 transverse series of basal elements; circuli fine.
D. X, o to u, 14, 1 to 16, 1, fifth spine 3 to 4 in total head length, sixth ray in adult 1%, fifth ray in young 2% in total head and body length to caudal base; A. III, 0 or1, 8,1 to 10,1, third spine 3% to 4% in total head length, fourth ray 1% to 1%; least depth of caudal pe- duncle 2% to 2%; caudal 1 to 1%, emarginate; pectoral 1 to 1%; ventral 1% to 1%.
Back very pale brown, sides and below buff to whitish. About 17 longitudinal gray bands, on back rather narrow and on sides much wider; also variable in detail, often broken in places. With age 4 on cheek above maxillary. Iris brown. Fins all brown, uniform. Broad buff-white band connects eyes.
Pelew Islands, China, Philippines. The excellent figure by Giinther agrees with my adult specimens in the extremely long dorsal and anal filaments. These include the third, fourth, and fifth rays of the dorsal and the third of the anal. The former and sometimes the latter but little less than the total body length. In the smallest examples the longest dorsal rays seldom extend beyond the tip of the caudal and the anal and not beyond the caudal base. Great variation is, however, manifest in the blue longitudinal lines, which are not alike in any two individuals, or even alike on both sides of the body. Moreover, there is sometimes no black saddle on the upper surface of the caudal peduncle behind the soft dorsal, this being replaced simply by a whitish blotch not larger than eye. The markings along the median front of the head are also quite variable in the young, frequently also only as a few scattered small blue spots; often a single narrow blue band connects the eyes, but this is very variable and may frequently be broken or irregular, even with age.
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8417. Cebu market. March 20, 1908. Length, 258 mm. Stripes pale blue with darker margin. Body olivaceous or yellowish above, becoming whitish below. Fins with pink shades. Lower fins rather yellow, front of anal lilac.
7544. Endeavor Strait, Palawan. December 23, 1908. Length, 287 mm.
8517. Verde del Sur Island. April 6, 1908. Length, 285 mm.
A716, A717. Danawan Island. September 27, 1909. Length, 535 and 538 mm. Stripes of azure-blue on ground shading from dusky above to bright lemon- yellow below, red-brown blotch on upper side of caudal peduncle about size of eye. Brilliant orange band from hinder edge of orbit to opposite somewhat broader than pupil. Band about half as wide across nuchal regions from slightly behind angle of gill opening to its opposite. Upper tip of opercle orange. First dorsal clear olive-yellow. Second dorsal clear lemon, becomes brighter terminally. Caudal like second dorsal, edges and tip in fork somewhat shaded with orange, upper edge dusky. Anal pale orange below, shading to lemon-yellow posteriorly. Pectorals hyaline-yellow with dusky orange bar at base. Ventrals pale orange. Iris yellow.
A852. Talisse Island. November 9, 1909. Length, 222 mm.
The following without black saddle on caudal peduncle above:
A679. Bumbum Island. September 25, 1909. Length, 323 mm. 5335. Cebu market. April 4, 1908. Length, 320 mm.
SYMPHORUS FORSTERI (Schneider)
Sparus forsteri SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, p. 282, 1801 (type locality: Tong- atabu).
Aurata forsteri CLoqurttT, Dict. Sci. Nat., vol. 12, p. 553, 1818 (reference).
Chrysophrys forstert VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 6, p. 140, 1830 (Tongatabu).
Symphorus forsteri FowLER, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 220, 1928 (on GUNTHER).
Sparus striatus (ForsTER) ScHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, p. 282, 1801 (name in text).—LicHTENSTEIN, Descript. Animal. Forster, p. 184, 1844 (same type).
a. taeniolatus GintHER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. 9, p. 439, 1872 (type locality: Macassar, Celebes)—BLrrKeEr, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 8, p. 99, 1876-1877 (copied GUNTHER).
Symphorus taeniotatus Mryer, Anal. Soc. Espafi. Hist. Nat., Madrid, vol. 14, p. 15, 1885 (North Celebes). (Error.)
Depth little more than head, or 3. Eye 5 in head, close below upper profile, rather nearer snout end than opercle end; mouth cleft moderate, rather oblique jaws nearly equal; maxillary reaches some- what beyond front eye edge; interorbital not much more than eye.
Scales 55 in lateral line, 9 above, 20 below. Cheek scales small, in 10 rows.
D. X, 16, continuous, spines short and rather feeble, third to ninth subequal or % of head, tenth conspicuously larger and attached to first ray; soft dorsal elevated, third to sixth rays produced in long thin filaments; A. III, 9, spines feeble, third nearly thrice second, rays long, especially third, which produced as filament; caudal
FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE SEAS AND ADJACENT WATERS 69
emarginate; pectoral reaches vent, fifth upper ray longest; ventrals not produced in filaments.
Olive, fins with reddish tinge. Body with seven narrow, slightly oblique and undulating bluish bands, edged with darker. Narrow parallel stripe of same color between every pair of bands. Bands and stripes continued along side of head, but more irregular and broken up in their course. Interradial membrane of soft vertical fins with round violet spots as large as pupil of eye. Length, 305 mm. (Giinther. )
Celebes, Tongatabu.
Genus PENTAPODUS Quoy and Gaimard
Pentapodus (Cuvier) Quoy and GarmarpD, Voy. Uranie, Zool., p. 294, 1824. (Type, Pentapodus vitta Quoy and GAIMARD, monotypic). (No description.)
Leiopsis BENNETT, Mem. Life of Raffles, p. 688, 1830 (February). (Type, Leiopsis rafflesiti BENNETT, monotypic.)
Pentapus Cuvirr, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 6, p. 258, 1830 (September). (Type, Sparus vittatus Biocu, designated by BLEEKER, Arch. Néerland. Sci. Nat. Harlem, vol. 11, p. 279, 1876.)
Maenoides Ricuarpson, Icones Pisc., p. 8, 1848. (Type, Maenoides aurofre- natus RICHARDSON= Pentapodus vitta Quoy and Garmarp, designated by JORDAN, Classif. of Fishes, p. 197, 1923.)
Maenioides JoRDAN, Classif. of Fishes, p. 197, 1923. (Type, Pentapodus vitia Quoy and GAIMARD.) (Error.)
Heterognathodon BLEEKER, Journ. Indian Archipelago, vol. 2, p. 36, 1848. (Type, Heterognathodon bifasciatus BLEEKER, monotypic.)
Gnathodentex BLEEKER, Versl. Meded. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam, ser. 2, vol. 7, p. 41, 1873. (Type, Pentapus aurilineatus BLEEKER, monotypic.)
Body elliptical, compressed. Head moderate, acute in front. Snout rather long, pointed. Eye moderate. Mouth cleft, moderate, little oblique. Jaws equal. Maxillary expanded posteriorly. Jaws with bands of villiform teeth, often outer row little enlarged; 2 or 3 pairs of small anterior canines, outer of which usually flare outward. Opercle with small spine. Preorbital narrow, deeply cleft. Branchi- ostegals 6. Scales moderate, ctenoid, 35 to 65 in lateral line. Head scaly, except snout, preorbitals, and suborbitals. Preopercle more or less naked, more than 3 rows on cheek. Lateral line with tubes bifid, extend over entire exposed surface of scale. Dorsal spines 10, rays 8 to 10, spinous part much longer than soft fin, one or both lobes may end in filaments. Anal like dorsal, spines 3, rays 7 to 10, and third spine longest. Pectoral short, pointed, rays 14 to 16. Ventral inserted behind pectoral base, accessory scale present.
Fishes of small size in the warmer Indo-Pacific. They differ from Synagris chiefly in each of the outer front canines usually flaring outward. The following, the first without description and the others imperfectly described, are doubtful species:
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PENTAPODUS CYANOTAENIATUS (Richardson) Maenoides? cyano-taeniatus RicHARDSON, Icones Pisc., p. 8, pl. 5, fig., 1843 (type locality: Depuch Islands, North West Australia). (I have not seen the original account of this.)
PENTAPODUS MULTIDENS (Valenciennes) Dentex multidens VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 6, p. 238, 1830 (type locali- ty: Red Sea).—Ginrner, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, p. 373, 1859 (com- iled). eee Se, VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 6, p. 239, 1830 (type locality: Lohaja). (Name only, in text.)
Numerous strong curved canines arm edges of both jaws, 8 or 10 in outer series of each, behind very narrow row of small obtuse teeth. Suborbital shallow, long. Scales smooth, bases not striate. D. X, 11, spines moderate. A. IH, 9. Ventral I, 5, spine compressed, expanded, nearly long as soft rays. Pectoral rays 17, fin very long. Rose color, fins paler. Length, 200 mm. (Valenciennes.)
PENTAPODUS UNICOLOR (Valenciennes)
Pentapus unicolor VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 6, p. 263, 1880 (no locality). (Stadhouder collection.)—GtntTueEr, Cat, Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, p. 382, 1859 (copied).
?Bodianus fischerit LachrmpE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 4, pp. 281, 298, 1802 (no locality). (“Collection zoologique cedée par la Hollande a la France.’’)
Resembles Pentapodus vittatus in general form. Scales smaller or 60 in lateral line and very finely ciliated. Preopercle limb naked. Teeth fine, same of lower laterals. Number of rays similar. No traces of band on body. Length, 188 mm. (Valenciennes. )
ANALYSIS OF SPECIES
a’, Pentapropus. Predorsal scales extend forward in interorbital. b'. No oblique dark bar across pectoral base. c!. Median lateral band from snout to caudal base. di; Seales: very, sinall: abouts Os 5 ce cent ee ee ee) ge vitta. d?, Scales larger, 45 to 50. e!, Median lateral golden band; dorsals edged golden; caudal lobes end
in long: points, notsfilamentsyzeg. 2. 2 22b) See wet open macrurus. e’. Median lateral dark band, with silvery bordering line above and below. f!. Blue dots along lateral line; spinous dorsal edged golden. hellmuthii. f?. Two brilliant streaks on back, one leaden; belly with oblique streaks sof silvery dots: 242692004 Jayne aa. peronii.
ec’. Two postocular silvery longitudinal lines far as depressed pectoral; oblique dark streaks on back; 2 gray lines on back above lateral ANT TN @ Teco eer oer ee ei PEC MIL, ea RR porosus. c. Two golden longitudinal bands, upper narrower above lateral line; lower broad and axial from snout tip to end of median caudal rays; each caudal lobe ends in long filament_____._.__.-_-_---- nemurus.
FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE SEAS AND ADJACENT WATERS 71
c’. Dozen longitudinal whitish bands, medial widest; small white blotch usually below soft dorsal rays_.-------------------- aurolineatus.
c. Indistinct blackish oblique band from nape of neck to opercle point; second similar before dorsal, ending below lateral line in large rounded
spot; few blackish clouded spots along sides___________-__- nubilus.
c®, Blue line from eye along upper sides, crossing lateral line on caudal peduncle; small round black spot at caudal base medially__ setosus.
b?. Oblique dark bar across pectoral base from fin origin; 3 whitish longitu-
dinal bands from eye, lowest axial to caudal base_______----- caninus. a’. PsILOPENTAPODUS, new subgenus. Predorsal scales extend forward only far as eye.
g'. Each seale with dark spot forming longitudinal series__ dux. g?. Brown marblings, cloudings, some grouped as vertical bands; numerous indistinct longitudinal brown or blackish lines ONE DOG 2 eats nee a es DAT enNe | eRe Om eeeens & 8 PA curtus.
Subgenus PENTAPODUS Quoy and Gaimard
Predorsal scales extend forward in interorbital. PENTAPODUS VITTA Quoy and Gaimard
Pentapodus vitta Quoy and Gartmarp, Voy. Uranie, Zool., p. 294, pl. 44, fig. 4, 1824 (type locality: Shark Bay, Western Australia) —McCutuocn, Austral. Mus. Mem., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 229, 1929 (compiled).—FowLrer, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 11, No. 5, p. 335, 1931 (reference).
Pentapus vitta VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 6, p. 264, 1830 (type).— Giuntuer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, p. 381, 1859 (Victoria; Houtman’s Abrolhos).—CastTeLnav, Res. Fish. Australia (Off. Rec. Philadelphia Exhib. Victoria), p. 12, 1875 (Swan River). —Gitnrtunmr, Rep. Voy. Challenger, vol. 1, p. 39, 1880 (south of New Guinea, lat. 59’ S8., long. 139° 42’ E.) —Macteay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 5, p. 384, 1881 (west and north coasts Australia).—Waits, Rec. Australian Mus., vol. 4, p. 185, 1902 (Man- durah, West Australia) —McCuttocu, Biol. Res. Endeavour, vol. 2, pt. 3, p. 106, pl. 21, 1914 (type; Freemantle; Mandurah, between Geraldton and Cape Naturaliste)—Fow.Lrer, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 217, 1928 (copied GUNTHER).
?Pentapus iris VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 6, p. 266, 1830 (type locality: Shark Bay, West Australia).
Maenoides? aurofrenatus RicHARDSON, Icones Pisc., p. 8, pl. 5, fig. 2, 1843 (type locality: Tale Bay, Australia probably Tale Head, Port Darwin).
Smaris porosus (not VALENCIENNES) RICHARDSON, Discov. in Australia, Stokes, vol. 1, appendix p. 489, pl. 3, 1846 [King George Sound (Bynoe)].
Depth 3%; head 34%. Snout 3% in head; eye 4, 1 in snout; maxil- lary reaches eye, length 3 in head; interorbital low, entire; suborbital depth 2 in eye.
Seales fine, 72 on figure, of which last 4 on caudal base; 5 above, 16 below, predorsal extended forward nearly to nostrils; 5 rows on cheek to preopercle ridge, preopercle flange naked.
D. X, 10, fourth spine 2% in head, first ray 2%; A. ILI, 8, third spine 4\p, first ray 3%; caudal 1, forked, lobes pointed; least depth of caudal peduncle 3; pectoral 1%; ventral 1%.
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Back slate brown, below white. Narrow dusky longitudinal band from snout tip over opercle, axial on body to caudal base medially. Iris yellow. Fins pale. Length, 175mm. (Quoy and Gaimard.)
Western and North Australia.
PENTAPODUS MACRURUS (Bleeker)
Heterognathodon macrurus BLEEKER, Nat. Tijds. Nederland. Indié, vol. 1, p. 101, 1850 (type locality: Batavia, Java)—Gtnruer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, p. 363, 1859 (compiled).
Pentapus macrurus BuEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 8, p. 103, pl. (62)340, fig. 4, 1876-1877 (Java).
Pentapus formosulus SNYDER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 40, p. 531, 1911 (type locality: Naha, Okinawa); vol. 42, p. 500, pl. 64, fig. 1, 1912 (type).— Scumipt, Trans. Pacific Comm. Acad. Sci. U. 8. S. R., vol. 1, p. 47, 1930 (Kominato, Riu Kiu).
Depth 3% to 3%; head 3% to 3%, width 1% to 1%. Snout 3% to 3% in head; eye 3% to 3%, greater than snout to equal with age, 1 to 1} in interorbital; maxillary not quite or reaching opposite front eye edge, expansion 2% to 3 in eye, length 3 to 3% in head; teeth fine, in narrow bands in jaws, anteriorly about 5 to 7 irregular rows with outermost row enlarged, of it 3 or 4 as still larger median canines; also pair of low or short wide set canines in lower jaw, slightly flaring outward; interorbital 2% to 2%, broadly and slightly convex; pre- opercle edge entire; single moderate, flattened opercular spine. Gill rakers 4+5, short, finely spinescent tubercles, about % of gill fila- ments, which 144 in eye.
Scales 44 or 45 in lateral line to caudal base and 1 to 3 more on latter; 3 or 4 above, 13 below, 26 to 36 predorsal forward above nostrils, 10 or 11 rows across cheek to preopercle edge of which 3 rows on preopercle flange. Suprascapula with slightly crenulated edge. Scales with 6 or 7 basal radiating striae; 103 to 120 apical denticles, small, with 2 or 3 series of basal elements; circuli very fine.
D. X, 9, 1, fourth spine 2% to 2% in head, first ray 2% to 24; A. III, 7, 1, third spine 2% to 3, first ray 2% to 2%; least depth of caudal peduncle 2% to 2%; pectoral 14; ventral 1% to 1%; caudal 2% to 3 in combined head and body to caudal base, deeply emarginate, upper lobe little longer and lobes without filaments.
Back drab-brown to fawn color or tawny, below whitish. Pale yellowish band about wide as pupil, ill defined, extends from snout tip to middle of caudal base. Iris yellowish. Fins all very pale or light brownish, ventrals and anals more or less whitish.
East Indies, Philippines, Riu Kiu. Greatly like Pentapodus nemurus though differs at once in the structure of its caudal fin. This, though with long slender pointed lobes of which the upper always the longer, does not end in a long filament above and below.
No markings evident in alcoholic specimens except the median lateral yellow band.
FISHES OF THE PHILLIPINE SEAS AND ADJACENT WATERS 73
6519 to 6521. Alibijaban Island, Ragay Gulf, Luzon. March 6, 1909. Length, 205 to 208 mm.
9840 to 9843. Cagayan, Jolo Island. January 8,1909. Length, 163 to 198 mm.
8973. Murcielagos Bay, Mindanao. August 20, 1909. Length, 200 mm.
5785 [1984]. Simaluc Island. September 22, 1909. Length, 223 mm. Pale yellow band from maxillary to lower eye edge and then from lower eye edge to pectoral base.
P. 9839 [1081]. Cagayan, Jolo Island. January 8,1909. Length, 225 mm.
12515. Polloc, Mindanao. May 22, 1908. Length, 180 mm.
U.S.N.M. No. 68247. Naha, Okinawa, Riu Kiu. Albatross collection, 1906. Length, 222 mm. Type of Pentapus formosulus Snyder.
PENTAPODUS HELLMUTAII (Bleeker)
Heterognathodon hellmuthit BLEEKER, Nat. Tijds. Nederland. Indié, vol. 5, p. 75, 1853 (type locality: Lawajong, Solor).—Ginruer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, p. 364, 1859 (compiled).
Pentapus hellmuthi Buerxer, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 8, p. 102, pl. (67) 345, fig. 1, 1876-1877 (Banka, Solor).
Pentapus hellmuthii Fowurr, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 218, 1928 (copied BLEEKER).
Pentapodus hellmuthii FowuLer, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 11, No. 5, p. 335, 1931 (reference).
Depth 3%; head 3% to 3%. Snout 3% in head; eye 3%, 1%» in snout, little greater to equal to interorbital; maxillary reaches * to eye; ex- pansion 2) in eye, length 3% in head; 2 or 3 small curved upper front canines; interorbital low; preopercle edge entire; suborbital depth 2% in eye.
Scales 50 in lateral line; 3 above, 15 below, 7 rows on cheek of which 3 on preopercle flange, predorsal scales extend forward till opposite eye center.
D. X, 9 or 10, fourth spine 2% in head, seventh ray 1%; A. III, 7 or 8, third spine 2%, first ray 2%; caudal 1%, emarginate, lobes pointed; least depth of caudal peduncle 2%; pectoral 1%; ventral 1, first ray ends in short filament.
Brown or rosy above, below rosy or silvery. Iris yellow or rosy. Broad median lateral band from snout tip through eye to caudal base, above brownish and below golden, edged narrowly pale both above and below. Blue dots along lateral line. Spinous dorsal margined golden. Length, 148 mm. (Bleeker.)
East Indies.
PENTAPODUS PERONII (Valenciennes) Pentapus peronit VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 6, p. 268, 1830 (no locality).—Gtntuer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, p. 381, 1859 (compiled).
Snout obtuse, blunt at tip. Eye small. Lips very thick. Teeth small. Cheeks somewhat swollen; suborbitals somewhat emarginate, with large pore on hind border. Scales of body very small and smooth, 50 in lateral line. Preopercle limb naked. Pectoral short.
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Black band, bordered by 2 silvery streaks from eye to end of tail. Two brilliant streaks on back, one appearing to have been leaden. Belly with oblique streaks of silvery dots. Length,150mm. (Valen- ciennes. )
An imperfectly known doubtful species, without locality and not seen since originally noticed.
PENTAPODUS POROSUS (Valenciennes)
Pentapus porosus VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 6, p. 267, pl. 156, 1830 (no locality). —Gintuer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, p. 382, 1859 (compiled).
Depth 3%; head 3%, width 3. Snout 3 in head; eye 3%, 1% in snout; maxillary reaches eye, length 3 in head; canine in front of each jaw with row of uniformly short teeth following; interorbital low; preopercle edge entire or crenulate; suborbital depth 3%.
Scales in figure 51 in lateral line to caudal base and 5 more non- tubular over latter; 3 above, 9 below, 15 predorsal forward opposite eye center, 7 rows on cheek with broad naked preopercle flange.
D. X, 9, third spine 2% in head, last spine 3%, first ray 2%; A. III, 7, third ray 4%, first ray 3; least depth of caudal peduncle 3; pectoral 14%; ventral 144; caudal 2% in combined head and body to caudal base, deeply emarginate, lobes pointed.
Brownish. At upper preopercle angle