Smithsonian Institution Libraries Purchased with a Gift from DR. STORRS L. OLSON and the CULLMAN ENDOWMENT . . - ; ‘ | lt eu” ia + Ls > 7) = P ; at te i “ ‘ a, aa ; ae : ee ‘ 3 = = " ~ e E : ‘ - a = ee “ = ene a | — s aes = =" r = oS . a fe = all : ‘ os + 3 § = = * » > - ir’. i ™ € * y - ee é x is De ‘ i i ia ’ we iy 3 - PY / +" : . 5 wr i . h tes ai shia sl haat u i i i ; ‘ i ibe : “ “= ; f iw thre A i K ye ‘ / reeks ae tae a. i Ps : ees - a Se #9 & ‘ * ay Fee ine : % ae , ¥ ‘> , y , : cy i i - x ” Na } ¥ 9 T *- ux ‘ (7 ¢ va wa d - ae ee ' 7 Pn Fl ee NATURAL HISTORY te. | OF BRITISH BIRDS; SELECTION or rue MOST RARE, BEAUTIFUL, anv INTERESTING 5. ib ok ee. WHICH INHABIT THIS COUNTRY: THE DESCRIPTIONS FROM THE eS Ra We Ae. Nd RO Re Ze OLE PLapeta iN ev INE : Ug); WITH GENERAL OBSERVATIONS, E:THER ORIGINAL, OR COLLECTED FROM THE LATEST AND MOST ESTEEMED ENGLISH ORNITHOLOGISTS; AND EMBELLISHED WITH Pet Ge |) UR oa, DRAWN, ENGRAVED, AND COLOURED FROM THE ORIGINAL SPECIMENS. By E. DONOVAN. Vi Or Boy’, LONDON: PRINTED FOR THE AUTHOR; AND FOR F. AND C. RIVINGTON, No. 62, ST. PAUL’S CHURCH-YARD. 1797. BLA OLX XIE ARDEA MAJOR. ARDEA CLNER EA, COMMON HERON. GRA Db ae Bill roundifh. ‘Tongue entire, flefhy. Thighs naked. Toes divided. GENERIC CHARACTER. Bill long, ftrong, pointed. Noftrils inca Tongue pointed. Toes connected as far as the firft joint by a {trong membrane. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Head of the male crefted with long black feathers. Grey above. Breaft white, marked with oblong black fpots. MA & ER: Arpea Major. Linn. Syf. feep. 256. 12, Scop. Ann. I. N° 117. Kram. El. p. 346. N° 4, frifch. t. 199.” A 2 PLAT Pte Alia Ardea. Gefner av. 219. Ardea Cinerea major feu pella. Raii Syn. av. 98. - Common Heron, or Heronfhaw. Will. Orn. 277. Rai Syn. p. 98. A. t. The Heron, or Heronfhaw: Ardea cinerea major five pella.— Albin. I. pl. 67. Common Heron. Penn. Br. Zool. N° 173. —— Ar. Zool. N° 343. Lath. Gen. Syn. Vol. 5. p. 83. 50. Heron cendre. Selon. av. 182. Le Heron hupe. » Bri. Orn. 5. p..g9. ai p/. 35. Bape Oyoa. pagans Oy En. GS. Garza cinerizia orofla. Liman. 112. Reyger. Frifch. 2. 199. Blauer Rager. Kram. 346. Hager. Faun. Suec. fp. 59- Pew aA one ARDEA CINEREA. Linn. Syft. 1. p. 256. 11. Scop. den: Lo N° 11073 Kram. FI sp. 246. We x, Ardea pella five cinerea. Gefn. av. 21% Ardea cinerea tertia. Aldr. av. 3. ¥59- Common Heron. Albin. 3. pl. 78. Pennant Br. Zool. Artt, Zool. N° 343. Ie Heron. £rif-Orn. 5. pagevd: Ylegs. Buff. Oif. 7+ $4342: ple 19. pl. enl. 787. PLA TE! EXxiil. Danis et Norvegis Heyre v. Hegre. Cimbris Skid-Heire, Skred heire. } Brunnich 156. tf The Heron is one of the moft common birds that inhabit this kingdom: and there is fcarcely any part of the globe that has been vifited by travellers, in which it has not been noticed. In Britain it was formerly held in high eftimation, not only becaufe its flefh was accounted a delicacy at the tables of the nobility*: but becaufe Heron Hawking was a favourite diverfion, infomuch that laws were enacted for the prefervation of the fpecies, and any perfon by deftroying the eggs incurred a penalty of twenty fhillings. The plumage of the male bird is remarkable for its elegance ; per- haps we could with lefs propriety ufe the fame expreffion, if {peaking of its general appearance and proportions. Nature has not provided it with webbed feet to fwim after its prey, which is almoft wholly of the aquatic kind, but has furnifhed it with very long legs to wade after it, and thefe give it rather an aukward appearance when ftanding on the land. The neck alfo is long and flender, but when it ftands on the fide of a flream or river waiting for the pafling of a fifh, its neck and head are drawn between the fhoulders: in flying its neck is alfo crouched down, and the head almoft concealed between the fhoulders. The male is chiefly diftinguifhed from the female by having a fine creft of black feathers; two in particular, in fome fpecimens, are eight * It appears from a curious book, entitled The Regulations of the Houfbold of the Fifth Larl of NoRTHUMBERLAND, begua in 1512, that Herons were valued at the fame price as Bytters (Bitterns), Fefaunts (Pheafants), Curlewes (Curlews), and Peacockes (Peacocks). “ At Principat Frasts.—-Item, it is thought in likewyze that HEARoNsEWYs be bought for my Lordces own mees; fo that they be at xiid. a pece.”” The price of the Crane was 16d. at the fame time, and the Goofe 3d. or at moft 4d.—Partridges 2d. Wosdeocks % or 34.3 and Snipes three for a penny. inches PLATE LXxXIL inches in length. Mr. Latham believes that this appendage is found only in males of a full age, or perhapsvery old birds. Mr. Pennant fays that the long foft black feathers on the fides were ufed in old times as egrets for the hair, or ornaments to the caps of knights of the garter ; and the crefts of the males are now ufed as ornaments in the Eaft, ‘The female has only a very fhort plume of dufky greyifh feathers, and the loofe feathers that hang over the breaft are very fhort, while thofe of the other fex are long. This has been generally fuppofed a diftin@ kind: the accurate Linneus defcribed it as another {pecies, under the fpecific name cinerea, and many other naturalifts have been of the fame opinion, as appears by the fynonyms: Mr. Pennant ob- ferves this was formerly fuppofed; ‘‘ but later obfervations prove them to be the fame.” Mr. Latham adopts precifely the opinion of Mr. Pennant, but in neither of their accounts can we find the au- thority on which that opinion is founded. It is worthy of remark that Albin, who lived at a time when Heronries were far more nu- merous than at prefent (though even now they are very common in fome parts*), in the firft volume of his Birds, has figured the male, and in the third volume the female, yet gives not the fmalleft reafon to conclude that he did not confider them as diftin& {pecies. In the breeding feafon they unite in large focieties, and build on the higheft trees. The neft is made of flicks, and lined with rufhes, wool, feathers, &c. ‘They lay four, five, or fix eggs, of a pale green colour. They defert the nefts in the winter, and are then found on the banks of rivers, or marfhy places. ' The length is about three feet: breadth five feet ; weight exceeds three pounds. * At Crefi Halt, near Gefberton in Lincolnfhire, I have counted eighty nefts in one tree.” Pennant. PLATE OF LA. T issL XXIV. Oo 2 RO Nag ob POS Sel PE S. BoA Cy Rey Te RN. ANSERES. Bill obtufe, covered with a thin membrane, broad, gibbous below the bafe, {welled at the apex. ‘Tongue flefhy. Legs naked. Feet webbed or finned. GENERIC CHARACTER. Bill ftrait, flender, pointed. Noftrils narrow. Tongue flender and fharp. Wings very long. ‘Tail forked. A {mall back toe. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Head. Neck, breaft and belly as far as the vent black. Back and wings dark grey. Legs reddifh black. STERNA FIssrres. Linn. Syfi. Le p298. 7: edit..1% 1766. Larus Niger (Meyvogelin) Gefner av. 558. figs 539. Larus Niger fidipedes. Raii Syn. p. 131. 4. A. 6. Larus Merulinus. Scop. Ann. I. N° 108? Sterna Nigra, Sepp Vog. pl. in p. 131. Brack Tern. Penn. Br. Zool. N° 256. —— Arét. Zool, N° 450. Lath. Gen. Syn. vol. 6. 366. fp. 22 + Suppl. 267. Scare- PRAT.2£ LAs Scare-Crow. Raii Syn. p. 131. A. 3. Black cloven-footed Gulls. /dem. 132. N° 6. Will. Orn. 354. §- 4.6. pl. 78. L’Hirondelle-de-Mer noire, ou |’Epouvantail. Bri. Orn. 6. p. 211.4. Buff. Oif. 8. p.£34y, —— Pl. enl. 333. Kleinote Moewe. Frifch. 2. 220. Sizlandis Glitter. Brunnich, 153. re Ta SEE The length of this fpecies is commonly about ten inches: breadth twenty-four: weight two ounces anda half. The male is known by a white fpot under the chin. Mr. Latham mentions a variety, (Var A) in which the lower part of the breaft, belly, thighs, under Wing coverts and vent are white; and in fome fpecimens of the common kind the white at the vent is {pread towards the thighs. The webs of the feet are depreffed, and form a crefcent: the colour of the legs feem to vary ; our bird had f{carcely any of the red tinge in the black colour. Thefe birds frequent our fhores in fummer. Latham fays they are obferved on the coafts of Kent in a few days after the other terns; and, as they differ fomewhat in their manners, do not affociate. They are found during fpring and fummer in vaft numbers in the fens of Lincolnfhire. “The eggs are three or four in number, of a greenifh or olive colour, {potted with black, and have alfo a band of the fame colour about the middle. Thefe eggs are depofited among the reeds in fens and other marfhy places, The food is in- feGts and fmall fifh, which it procures by hovering over the water, and darting on its prey in the fame manner as moft other birds of the fame genus. | It Ora TE UxXxXive It is an inhabitant of moft of the northern countries of Europe : very common in Siberia, and about the falt lakes of the defarts of Tartary. It is alfo fuppofed to be the fpecies which was feen by Kalm in vaft flocks, beyond lat. 41. north, long. 47. W. He fays, <¢ It was rather darker than the common fea-{wallow ; the flocks confifted of fome hundreds, and fometimes fettled on the flinp* 3 * Vide Kaln, ‘Travels in North America, &c. tranflated by J. R. Forfter, 17705 5 PLATE Le pas 4 lott. ld ’ a 7 thy Dh “yUU6) ee 4 4 ’ : hit oy ) ¥ oy - z y th cy ? mt - Ht Ag Psd} by 4 ee ' ‘ . a a fd ey a | ’ 4 ne ‘hd ~ : Pieces Se at wi 4 ‘s - x at % R ‘ Np My “gest i . y Ln Apri phleh afi ipa monet licen inediplitona eet does Sala Chad 1. hice ne ee : aaa pen Hs ; Ties i i & ‘ As ‘ ’ y a ‘ Ve ty a Bay, Saeed ebm Bev cedn vk St aa € elds 4 Wot 5 HARES i LR RETR ae RTL See ie ee cigvaee) ¢ a *. ) > : \ f. ‘ a . ; “its alia aor » w it } « Oh \ 4 i, bi r yy 7 Pe Bers 28 & 4+ 3 2. od x Pe | . i od “ a 7 — » at 4 Y ne * Wine PLATE LXXV. SCOLOPAX EGOCEPHALA. ‘ | GODWIT. GRALL &. Bill roundifh. Tongue entire, flefhy. Thighs naked. Toes divided. ies | GENERIC CHARACTER. ’ Bill flender, ftrait, weak. Noftrils linear, in a furrow. ‘Tongue pointed, flender. “Toes divided, or flightly connected; back toe (mall. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONIMS. Above pale reddifh brown; a dark mark down the middle of each feather. Beneath white. ‘Tail barred with brown. ScoLopax AEGOCEPHALA roftro recto, pedibus virefcentibus, capite colloque rufefcentibus, remigibus tribus nigris bafi albis. Linn. Syft. Nat. I. p. 147. 77. 13, edit. 10. C , Godwit, PLATE Ue Godwit, Yarwelp, Yarwip. Raii Syn. p. 105. A. 4. Will. Orn. p. 292. Albin. 2. pl. 70. Penn. Br. Zool. 2. 439+ 179. Arét. Zool. N° 373. / ‘Lath. Gen. Syn. §. pe 144614. * Suppl. 245. ey Le Grande Barge grife. Brif. Orn. 5. p. 272. 3. pl. 24. fig. 2. —aboyeufe. Buff. Oif. 7. p. Sor. Pl. Enl. 876. The length of this fpecies is commonly about fixteen inches ; breadth twenty-feven, and weight twelve ounces; but they are liable to confiderable variation in weight and fize, as well as colour: fometimes they do not even exceed feven ounces. , It is very generally met with in Europe, and extends to Afia and America. Mr. Latham fays at Hudfon’s Bay it is known by the name of Wafawuckapefhew. Thefe Birds are found in England in the fens amongett the Ruffs and Reeves one part of the year, but continues with us the whole winter, frequenting the open fands like the Cur- lew, and feeding on Infeéts. PLATE PLATE LXXVI. Pilon OBSCURA. 6. SK PPE RK. paces Bill conic, pointed, Noftrils oval, broad, naked. GENERIC CHARACTER, Bill. {trait, fender, benaing a little towards the end. Noftrils covered with feathers or briftles. ‘Tongue cloven. | Toes-divided to the origin, back claw very long, ALAupA Opscura, Dusxy>Lark. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 494. | , Ne 7 Brack Lark. Albin. Vol. 3. ph ou L’Alouette noire. Bri if. Orn. 3. p. 34. B Buff. Oif. 5. p a enl, 650. fe I. It feems undetermined whether we ought to confider this as a dif- tinct fpecies, or only as a variety of the Sky Lark. Mr. Latham, in his Synopfis, confiders it a variety, and obferves that he is aware of this and other Birds becoming black by feeding on Hemp-feed, as was the cafe with a Goldfinch and Houfe Sparrow. It appears alfo liable to much variation of colours in different fpecimens. One in C2 the PLATE LXXVE the Britifh Mufeum is of a full deep black throughout, and that from which the figure in our plate-is copied, is of a lighter colour in many parts than that feems to have been from which Albin engraved his plate. ‘The account which this Author has given is curious: «¢ This Lark,” fays he, ‘ was taken with a clap net by one of the Bird-catchers in a field near Highgate, and brought to me by Mr. Davenport, which I have taken care to draw exactly from the Bird, neither adding nor diminifhing in the draught or colouring. This being a curiofity, I was defired by one of my fubfcribers to make a plate of it.” The name Albin has given it is fcarcely juftified by this defcrip- tion which he’has added. “¢ The bill of this. Bird was of a dufky yellow; the irides of the eyes yellowith: it was all over of a dark reddifh brown, inclining to black, excepting the hind part of the head, on which was fome dufky yellowith feathers ; likewife fome feathers with whitifh edges on the belly.” Our fpecimen was fhot in Scotland by Mr. Agneau, Gardener to the late Duchefs of Portland, feveral yeas ago. Its length rather exceeds feven inches, PLATE t7 PE ATR EX XVil. PA So ney BoE RN Ws. WIN NTER GULL. Meters Bill obtufe, covered with a thin membrane, broad, gibbous below the bafe, {welled at the apex. ‘Tongue flefhy. . Feet webbed, or finned. GENERIC CHARACTER. Bill ftrong, ftrait, bending near the end; an angular prominency on the lower mandible. Noftrils linear. Tongue cloven. Leg and back toe mall, naked above the knee. SPECIFIC CHARACTER — AND | SY NONYIMS. General colour white. Head and neck marked with dufky fpots. Back grey. Scapulars grey, fpotted with brown.. i ae bar acrofs the end of the tail. fe Aran Larus Hysernus. Lath. Suppl. Gen. Syn. 7. 296. Winter-Mew, or Coddy Moddy. Rai Syn. p. 130. 4 14. ' Albin, 2, pl. 87. Will. Orn. p. 350. pl. 66. ‘Winter Gull. Penn. Br. Zool. 2. pl. 248. p. 537. Lath, Gen, Syn. 6. p. 384. Gauca- PLATE Ue. Gauca-gaucu. Razz Syn. p. 130. 12. Wil]. .Orn. pi. 352. ; Gavia Hyberna, le Mouette Whiver. Brifon av. 6. 189. The length of this bird is eighteen inches: breadth three feet fix inches ; weight feventeen ounces. It is a common bird in England, and frequents the inland rivers, fens, and moift meadows many miles diftant from the fea fhore in winter. | Mr. Pennant obferves, that the gelatinous fubftance, known by the name of Star Shot, or Star. Gelly, owes its origin to this bird, or fome of the kind; being nothing but the half digefted remains of Earth-W orms, on which thefe birds feed, and often difcharge them from their ftomachs. Mr. Morton in the Nat. Hip. Northampt. has given alfo the fol- Jowing curious obfervation :—“ In the courfe of my corref{pondence with the late Mr. % Platt of Oxford, I recolle&t his having men- tioned, that once meeting with a lump of this flar-jelly, on examina- tion he found the toes of a-Frog or Toad ftill adhering, and undif- folved ; and from thence concluded it to be the remains of one of thefe, having been fwallowed whole by fonie bird, and the indigeftis ble parts brought up in the condition he found it.” mn PLATE Petea re: EXXVIL COLYMBUS SEPTENTRIONALIS. RED THROATED DIVER. ANSERES. Bill obtufe, covered with a thin membrane, broad, gibbous below the bafe, fwelled at the apex. Tongue flefhy. Legs naked. Feet webbed, or finned. GENERIC CHARACTER. Bill ftrait, pointed. Upper mandible longeft ; edges of each bend- ingin. Nboftrils linear. ‘Tongue pointed, ferrated near the bafe. Legs thin, flat. Exterior toe longeft: back toe joined to the inte- “rior by a fmall membrane. Tail fhort, and confifts of twenty feathers. SPECIFIC CHARACTER : AND SYNONYMS. Above dufky, marked with a few white fpots. Beneath white. Throat dull red. Cotymeus Seprentrionatis. Linm Syft. x. p. 220. 3. Colymbus aréticus collo rufo. Ar. Nidr. L, p. 244. b. 2. fig. 2. Rep PLA‘ T E DExXVa. Rep THROATED Diver. Pen. Br. Zool. vol. 2. p. §26. 240.—% Arét. Zool. N° 443.—Lath. Gen. Syn. i? Vol. 5. ps 3440 Red Throated Loon. Edw. pl. 97. Le Plongeon a gorge rouge. Brif. Orn. 6. p. 111. 3. pl. 11. fig. 1. —PI. Enl. 308. | Ilandis & Norvegis Loom v. Lumme; Danis, Lomm. Brunnich, 132. This fpecies breeds on the borders of lakes in the northern parts of Scotland, and very rarely migrates to the fouthward but in fevere winters. It is an inhabitant of many cold countries, fuch as Ruffia, Siberia, Kamt{chatka, Iceland, and Greenland ; and is alfo found about the rivers in Hudfon’s Bay. It breeds in Greenland in June. ‘The neft is compofed of mofs and grafs, and is placed amongft the rufhes near the water: it contains two eggs of a more elongated form than thofe of the common Hen: they are of an afh colour, and are marked with a few black fpots. Thefe birds are more frequent about frefh waters than thofe of the fea, and are injurious to the fifhermen by diving among the nets and devouring the fifh; but they often entangle themfelves, and are by that means taken. The weight of this Diver is three pounds, and the length two feet five inches. - PLATE Y) aon. Bs bem AER PAR US “ATE R. COLEMOUSE: PASSERES., Bill conic pointed. Noftrils oval, broad, naked, GENERIC GHARACTER. Bill ftrong, a little compreffed, fharp pointed. Briftles at the bafe. Tongue blunt and terminated by three or four briftles. Toes divided to the origin ; back toe very large. SPECIFIG CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS, Head black. Breaft and Belly dirty, or white inclining to afh colour. Back and Wings greenifh. Parus ATER: capite nigro, dorfo cinereo, occipite pectoreque albo. fn. Suece 241.—Lin. Syf?. Nat. 1. 190. 100. 5» edit. 10. Scop. Ann. 1. p. 163. N° 245. Kram. El. p.379. N° 4. Gefner av. 641. era) Core. PLATE UXXIX. Cotemouse. Rai Syn. p. 73. A. 2. : Will, Orn. p. 241. te 43. Penn. Br. Zool. 1. N° 164. pl. 57. ff. 3. —— Ar. Zool. a . | Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 540. 7. Suppl. 189. 8. 4 Parus Atricapillus. La Mefange a téte noire. Brif. Orn. 3. p. 551. N° 5 La petite Charbonniere. “Buff: Oif. 5. p- 400. | Quatriefme efpece de Mefange. Belon. av. 370. Speermiefce, Creuzmeife. Kram. 379. Tannen Meife, (Pine Titmoufe). Frifch. 1. 13. It has been fuppofed by fome authors that the Parus Ater, and Parus Paluftris * of Linnzus were not diftin& f{pecies, but merely the two fexes of one ond: ea others Ware theught the latter only 4 variety of the firft. Willughby is the firft author worthy of con- fideration who has noti¢ed the precife difference between the two _ birds. He fays the Marfh Titmoufe differs from the Colemoufe in thefe particulars : ift, that it is bigger: ad, that it wants the white {pot onthe head: 3d, it has a larger tail: ath, its under fide is white : sth, it has lefs black under the chin: 6th, it wants the white fpot on the covert of the wings. Mr, Pennant obferves on this account given by Willughby, that the laft diftinétion does not hold in ge- neral, as the fubject figured in the Briti/b Zoology had thofe {pots ; yet wanted that on the hind part of the head. * Marth Titmoufe. The PLAT E LXEXEX, ‘The opinion of Mr. Latham in this particular deferves attention alfo; he fays, ‘¢ it is much to be feared that the Marth Titmoufe is not a diftinét fpecies; moft probably a mere variety of the Cole- moufe.” Gen. Syn. vol. 4. In the Supplement to the General Synopfis of Birds, Mr. Latham has added the following account under the head Mars Tirmovse. © In my Synopfis it has not appeared clear to me, whether the Coke- moufe and this were different {pecies. I find it to be the opinion of Sepp, that they form but one, being both figured in the fame plates as male and female. In one of them is a {pot of white on the hind head, and the fides of the head are white: the throat black. The other has the top of the head wholly black, and the black fpot of the throat wanting. The neft feems here compofed of fedge, mixed with large cat’s-fail, lined with down and feathers: furnifhed with five white eggs, mottled with red brown. The Colemoufe appears to be lefs injurious in gardens and orchards than others of the fame genus: it is alfo lefs numerous, and generally inhabits woods. The length is four inches. It is found throughout Europe and in America. By Ee AE Shi ea r « ~ ee. LXXX, CORVUS CARYOCATACTES,. Nike CR ACKER: Pic &. Bill compreffed, convex. GENERIC CHARACTER. Bill trong, conic, with briftles at its bafe reflected downwards, Tongue bifid. SPECIFIC CHARACTER ie AND SYNONYMS, Entirely dark brown, marked with triangular white {pots on every part, except the Wings and Tail. Corvus Caryocartactes: fufcus alboque pun¢tatus, alis cau- daque nigris: rectricibus apice albis: in- termediis apice detritis. Caryocatactes, Raii Syn. p. 42. 7 ill. Orn. p. 132. pl. 20. Nutcracker, Edwards, pl. 240. Penn. Br. Zool. 2. App. p. 025. ple 3. E 3 Lath. PL AUT Se Lath. Gen. Syn. 1. 400. 38. Suppl. 82. Ces Caffe noix, Brif. Ore, 2: p. $9. N° 1-pl. sz figt i: Buff. O1f..3. p: 122. .p). 7% —— Pl. Enl. 50. Nicifraga, Brif. Orn. Notwecka, Notkraka. Faun. Suec. /p. 19. Tannen-Heher (Pine Jay). Frifch. Tes Danis Noddekrige. Norvegis. Not-kraake, Brunnich, 34. Waldftarl, Steinheher, Aram. el. p. 334. The Nutcracker is fo extremely rare in this Country, that Mr. Pennant has added it to his Britith Zoology, in the third plate of the Appendix of Vol. II. And as we are indebted to his authority for afcertaining its being an Englifh {pecies, we have tran{cribed his account of it. «© The fpecimen we took our defcription from, is the only one we ever heard was thot in thefe kingdoms: it was killed near Moftyn, Flintlhire, Odtober §, 1753.” «© Tt was fomewhat lefs than the Jackdaw: the bill ftrait, ftrong, black : the colour of the whole head and neck, breaft and body, was a rufty brown: the other parts marked with triangular white fpots: the wings black: the coverts {potted in the fame manner as the body : the tail rounded at the end, black, tipt with white : the vent- 33 CO) feathers white: the legs duiky Mr. Latham mentions a fecond inftance: he faw the mutilated’ {kin of one that was fhot in Kent. It PE Tyr LXxXx. It appears from different authors, that this bird is moft frequent in the pine forefts in Ruffia, Siberia, and Kamtfchatka: it is alfo found in Germany, where it is more common than in any other part of Europe, though it inhabits the mountainous parts of Sweden and Denmark: it fometimes vifits France in flocks. Found alfo in North America. In its manners it is faid to greatly refemble the Jay. It feeds on the kernels of the pine, wild berries, and infe&ts; and makes its neft in the holes of trees. Ege PLATE 7 ye. Sif Pe geet i, it a paid sale bar bias ie at “iy veld | re ag c te PLS TE CXC SITTA EUROPAEA, EUROPEAN NU TH AT CH. P 3C.ae Bill compreffed, convex. GENERIC CHARACTER. Bill ftrait, triangular. Tongue fhort, horny at the end. SPECIFIC CHARACTER ALUN D SYNONYMS. Upper part of the Head, Back, and Wing coverts bluifh grey. A black ftroke through the Eye. Throat white. Breaft and Belly dull orange. ‘Tail black and white. Sitra Evrop#a: reCtricibus nigris: lateralibus quatuor infra apicem albis. Linn. Syft. Nat. I. 15. §5. 1%. edit. 10. Picus cinereus, feu Sitta. Gefner av. 711. | ’ Nuruatcn, or Nuryosser. Will. Orn. p. 142. te 23 Raii Syn. Av. 47. Pen. Br. Zool. 1. N° 89. pl. 38. Lath. Gen. Syn. 2. 648. 1-—Suppl. 117. | E 3 : Nut- PL a Tee NurTBREAKER. Albin. 2. pl. 28. Wooncracker. Plot’s Oxfardfh. p. Lys: Le grand Grimpereau, le Torchepot. Bélon. av. 304. La Sittelle, ou le Torchepot. Buff: Oif. 5. p. 460. pl. 20. SSP) Lig 089. Ff. 1. Brif. Orn. 3. p. 588. No. 1. pl. 29. Fo 3s Blau fpecht. Frifch. t. 39. Picchio grigio, Raparino. Zinan. 74. Klener, Nuffzhacker.. Kram. 362. Barlefs. Scopali, No. 57. Notwacka, Notpacka, Faun. Suec. fp. 104. Ziolo. Aldr. av. 1. 417. The Nuthatch is a fmall bird: it weighs about one ounce, and is five inches and three quarters in length. “The female differs from the male only in fize; the weight feldom exceeding five or fix drams. Tt breeds in the hollows of trees, and lays fix or feven eggs, of a dirty white colour, dotted with rufous ; thefe are depofited on the rotten wood, mixed with a little mofs. If the entrance to the neft is too large, it clofes up part of it with clay, leaving only a very fmall hole to creep through. “The neft of this bird is feldom dif- turbed, or the eggs taken away, when the female is fitting, for her hiffing fo nearly refembles that of a fnake, that few would venture to put their hands into the hole to fearch for them; and it is faid, that the female will fuffer her feathers to be plucked off rather than 2 | defert Pi) Eo UX x XT. defert her eggs or young. The male alfo fhews the greateft tender- nefs for them and its mate, during the time of incubation. It feeds on all kinds of infe@ts, as well as nuts: of the latter, it lays up a confiderable hoard in the hollows of trees, and brings them out when other food is fearce. The manner of its cracking the nut is curious, and has been noticed by feveral authors, and par- ticularly Willoughby: he fays, ‘* It is a pretty fight to fee her fetch a nut out of her hoard, when, placing it faft in a chink, fhe ftands above it, with the head downwards, and, ftriking it with all her force, breaks the fhell, and catches up the kernel.” In its manners, it is not unlike the Woodpecker tribe. It is not fuppofed to fleep perched; for, when confined in a cage, it would creep into a corner at night to fleep. Dr. Plott fays, ‘* this bird, by putting its bill into a crack in. the bough of a tree, can make fuch a violent found as if it was rending afunder, fo that the noife may be heard at leaft twelve {core yards.” It is not migratory, but changes its fituation in winter. Pennant obferves, that it makes a chattering noife in Autumn. Latham fays, he has been informed, that.it has, at times, a whiftle like that of a man. E 4 PLATE me. 3b >» oh nae with itt Bipeotare %; a seyey 16 Aaa RR aS Sgant fcintingte tat oer et a / y a ‘ a P) i : 7 * - — - \ "i ar PA ‘ Pon Sis A 5 eo) oe : t be EN ig fe toa fs 7. be et By eae ies) AN SMe vite Me) 7m OE an thy BN: . ie ; See Rae yam * ‘ Bx 7 ¢ a Y m4 : : ry aes yaAs | Sarre ary as ee Me, Ob iitaost Ramet my 2k ) (ten ie fi * : * se ye 4 agit ae ae tas va, hs Msn hs ee SAS WL Ve eR, Mee ae ea ae 2 PEO ogee LES e eres ' . ee ‘ MW rere ie eee ac cy a Me Lath batch » 1 2 by PONENT on \| PLATE LXXXIl. MOTACILLA PHOENICURUS. RED S.-TvA,R Ti PASSERES. Bill conic, pointed. Noftrils oval, broad, naked. GENERIC CHARACTER. Bill ftrait, lender. Tongue jagged. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Cheeks and throat black. Back bluith grey. Wings brown. Breaft red. MorTAcILLta PHOENICURUS: gula nigra, abdomine rufo, capite dorfoque cano.—Fx. Sv. 224.—Linn. Syft. Nat. f. 187. 21. edit. 10. Ruticilla, five Phoenicurus, (Sommerotele) Ge/n. av. 731. REepsTART: - § Raii Syn. ~. 78. A. 5. Will. Orn, 218. Albin, PwWAT FE xXx, Albin, 1. pl. 50. Penn. Br. Zool. 1. No. 146. ——— Arch. Zool. 0 GagtheGen, Sytis. Aor Ab. Le Roffignol de Muraille, Brif: Orn. 3. p. 403. No. 15 Buff. Gif. 5s pe 170.—pl. 6. fy 2. Sepa 35 1. fie. 1.2. Codoroffo. Olina, 47. Culo ranzo, Culo roffo. Kinan. 53.—Scap. No. 232. Roditjert. Faun. Suec. /p. 357- Norvegis Blod-fugl. Danis Roed-ftierts. Brunnich 280. Schwartzkehlein (Black-throat) Frifch. 1. 19. Waldrothfchweiffl. Kram. 376. This pretty fpecies is very common in the fummer. It is migra- tory; vifiting this country in the fpring, and departing again in autumn; but does not leave the warmer parts of Europe fo early. The neft is ufually made in the hollows of broken walls, or old trees: it is compofed of mofs, with a lining of pent and feathers; and con- tains four,’ fometimes five eggs, of a light blue colour; and in other refpects refembling thofe of the Hedge Sparrow, except that they are rather more elongated at the fmalleft end. This bird is fo very fhy that if the eggs are only touched it forfakes the neft entirely. The Redftart is rather fmaller than the Redbreaft ; meafuring about five inches. The male is known by the chin, cheeks, and throat being black: in the female the chin is white; and the red colour of | the breaft is paler than in the male. It has one very peculiar habit, when Pa ae BE UXT. when it fhakes its tail it does not move it up and down like the Wag- tail, but horizontally, or fideways, like a Dog when he is fawning. Its note is foft and pleafing; but it will not bear confinement in a cage, unlefs when reared from neftlings, when it requires the fame treatment as the Nightingale. In the wild ftate it feeds on every kind of Infe&ts. PLATE oe 2 TE ay. 2a ae yay ; rage ‘, fr. 7) Se eR, (MER oe Mwy be vi i Cah © . ww ; ; - ’ Py f ‘> » | ips eee PLATE LXXXIIL V.UNX@TOROUILLD A. COMMON WRYNECK. Pic &. Bill compreffed, convex. GENERIC CHARACTER. Bill fhort, roundifh, pointed. Noftrils concave, naked. ‘Tongue very long, cylindrical. “Iwo fore and two hind claws. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONT?TMS. Whole plumage fine grey, with f{pecklings and undulated marks of dark brown and black. Jynx Torquitzta: Cuculus fubgrifeus maculatus, reCricibus ni- gris faciis undulatus. &n. Sv. 78. ¢. 1. f. 78. Linn. Syft. Nat. &. 112. §3. I. edit. 10. Jynx five Torquilla. Rai Syn. p. 44. A. 8. Jynx. Gefner av. §73>— ; The Wryneck. Will. Orn. p. 138. f. 32. Albin. 1. pl. 21. Pen. Br. Zool. N° 83. Lath, Gen, Syn, 2. 548. The P dgA T E , LXXRTT The Emmet Hunter. Charlton ex. 93. Le Torcol. Bréf. Orn. 4. p.4. pl. t. f. i. Buff. Oif. 7. p. 84. pl. 3. —— Pi. enl. 698. Le Tercou, Torcou, ou Tarcot. Belon av. 306. Dreh-hals. Frifch. t. 38. Collotorto, Verticella. Zznan. 72. Gjoktyta. Faun. Suec. fp. 97- Bende-Hals. Sr. 37. Natterwindl, Wendhalfs. Kramer, p. 336. Ifhudefch. Scop. N° 50. The Wryneck is the only fpecies of the genus (Yunx) yet defcribed by any author; and feems to have given Linnezus fome trouble to determine to what genus he fhould affign it; for though it has the tongue of the Woodpecker, as well as the fituation of the toes, the bill is too weak for that genus. Linnzus, in the former edition of the Fauna Suecica, placed it with the Cuckow ; but it appears to be the opinion of later naturalifts that it fhould form a diftin@ genus, his new genus haying been generally adopted. The Fyngi Congener* of Aldravendus is certainly no other than a variety. The colours are altogether very plain, but are fo beautifully varied and pencilled, that, as Mr. Pennant obferves, Nature has made ample amends for their want of fplendor. ‘The colours are paler in the female than the male. * Le Torcol rayé of Brifone This PLATE LXXXIIL This bird builds in hollow trees: Latham fays they make no neft, but lay the eggs on the bare rotten wood. Pennant fays it makes the neft of dry grafs. The eggs, according to Buffon, are as white as ivory ; and Pennant adds, that they are fo thin that the yolk may be feen through them. The number of eggs feldom exceed nine. The Wryneck is fuppofed to be a Bird of paflage, appearing in the {pring eight or ten days earlier than the Cuckow. It feeds on InfeGs, and feems particularly fond of Ants; thefe the extreme length of the tongue enables it to pick out of the cracks where they are concealed. It takes its name from a habit it has of turning its head back to the fhoulders when alarmed or terrified: it can alfo erect the feathers of the head like thofe of a Jay.—Weight of this Bird is one ounce and a quarter: length feven inches: breadth eleven. This Bird is found throughout Exrope, and in many other parts of the world. PLATE ie er ~ 248 sagt \ . i t % * a By 7 ‘a x ‘ é ee hag an : ‘ a" 2 ve ine ae ’ ' bi yy 4 > an , ; i if i v y f ri ’ Ba oh Ow ‘ i | j ! , 0 bas a r? ei { ‘il if. ‘cil ae frat arse ss PLATE LXXXIV. FAw-IUS RUFUS. WOOD CHAT. ACCIPITRES. ‘Birds of prey. Bill and claws ftrong, hooked. An angle in each margin of the upper mandible. Females larger and more beautiful than the males. GENERIC CHARACTER. Bill hooked towards the end, with a notch in the upper mandible. Tongue jagged. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Head and hind part of the neck bright bay. A black line through the eyes pafling round to the breaft. Wing brown: fcapulars white. Throat, breaft and belly dirty white. vail dark brown; two exterior feathers partly white. Ampelis Dorfo grifeo, macula ad aures longitudinali. Fn. Succ. edit. ima. No. 180. t. 2. fem. Lanius minor cinerafcens, &c. Raii Syn. p. 19. Ay 6. Ampelis 3tia. Kram. Elench. p. 363. Another fort of Butcher-bird. W2/l, Orn. p..89. §- de 3 F Wood PLA ASG CLARY. Wood Chat. Penn. Br. Zool. N° 73. -——— Lath. Gen. Syn. 1. p. 169. 17. Lanius rufus. Suppl. p. 282. La Pie-griefche roufle. Brif. Orn. 2. p. 147. N° 3. Buff. Oif. 1. p. 301. —— Pl.enl. 9. fi 2. the male.— 31. f. 1. the Jemale. Kleiner Neun-toder. Frifch. pl. 61. male and female. ——— We have only three fpecies of Butcher-birds, or Shrikes, in this country : the Great, Red-backed, and Wood Chat, The firft is very fcarce: the fecond is not common; and the laft is extremely rare: fo that we have little opportunity to notice the fingular manners of this tribe. Nature feems to have allotted more than an ordinary fhare of courage to thefe little creatures: they equal the eagle in the fiercenefs of their attacks on fmaller birds, and defend themfelyes againft thofe they cannot overcome with the greateft vigour and refolution. Though in this re{pect they imitate the larger carnivorous birds, they have not, like them, claws {trong enough to tear their prey to pieces, but, to fupply this defedt, they faften it on a thorn and pull it afunder with their bill. Even when confined ina cage, it is faid that they treat their food in a fimilar manner, fticking it againft the wires be- fore they eat it. We now fpeak of the manners generally peculiar to the tribe: how far thofe of the Wood Chat accord with them, we Gat only _ prefume from being of the fame genus; no Englifh naturalift having vet been fo fortunate as to meet with it fince Willoughby and Ray. Pennant 7 Ge ES LAX. Pennant has not given a figure of it in the Britifh Zoology ; and it is a fact well known, that both Lewin and Walcot have given figures of it drawn from mere defcriptions: this is the more to be regretted as no fpecimen of it was either in the Leverian or Britifh Mufeums:; and that eminent ornithologift, Mr. Latham, with his accuftomed candour acknowledges, in his account of it, that he has never feen it, 6¢ Mr. Pennant,” fays he, ‘ does not defcribe this bird from his own infpection ; and I muft confefs that it has never come under mine.” — He alfo, fays Buffon, does not {peak of it as uncommon, but gives it, as his opinion, that the red-backed Shrike is a variety of this {pecies, as well as fome other kinds he mentions; and adds, that from his own obfervation he cannot deny the fact. We have com- pared them, and do not hefitate to give them as two diftinct fpecies. It is only the male bird that we have in our poffeffion. "We mutt own ourfelves indebted for the following defcription of the female to Pennant and Latham; nor are we certain that our {pecimen was fhot in England, but rather fufpect that it came from Germany.—The length is feven inches and three quarters. The female differs from the male: the upper part of the head, neck and body are reddifh, {triated tranfverfely with brown: the lower parts of the body are of a dirty white, rayed with brown, marked near the end with dufky, and tipped with red, Pot Ag ae an LA ie «, © PMR Go art teenie A ace news! ait od ~ eo) eee: 4 . r ¥ 4 Prat i eat ah ayy / Pare ee wy vg VENTA i " 4 nest BEET INR TS te OTE TE a a ee ae ) ; 2 e -BLR 2 ~~ 2S By @ we SARE SON 3 Aw ha 1) Ware Se a { | ' Pa she t 4d ss ny - 4 - . "a 2 * 6 " ‘a : * os 1a ¥-J ‘ | ; py - é » J ay Pen on aX bar 4 al ¥ 8 ay i a ae i ( f ; hte fe ea RN Ge al 7 rans: Me Shia ~~~ Hou / Bare pe MP Sich Be ORM i mee el ae We, Ets, $ ae ha he’ aie 4 ee hed & ' ANI OY FD Pe Ce ee Tee sy 7 be ¥ sO arf b [Oh RE iy “1 res oy ; - a ec e : . wef é i * ¢ be. hs ~ $i ba — é ‘a U a bila dd a8) CS aeRO S eRe Sh id on re i a ite i Rs i We : ; * Si Lamm View oes TIOPe Sea e forty i. Sagi “ ohn aa telea Pega URE eo FEE CEA top ty) ie fahots a STL” bea Tee ee art i ae tp 9 : wy et ree f ot J pre jorge 4 i x : t : : : . ak L ¢ hy Bary an et Pa We A . ay, 4 . i cHtt ay Hat jE ROL ITS SE eeaG ca (bi ‘ . ; pt aay : , h , Led Peavy : ine Res Racaten ee G: Ws UNO Roel sete Mane el to ke Soran AT Can Ny OE a ep oh tech TW Gh nade hi 9 ; } y Siar ay & hak i‘ we Nama Dy wen r iy efeert Ra; f . sk w ? fas % 65) 4424 Loot” he ‘3 and db qian a tad Jed ite \ ¢ ‘ aiesy. fl ry fp) i A .- 4s , j i A 4 ,' Si » : ‘ § by: : ne | fy ‘ » ime : A ae , x *.. ; y mT : % rt , 4 Ps % #9 ae , ae ye 7 ’ 14 - ThA Wei ay! a — S tee. hOB ok XY. - FRINGILLA MONTIFRINGILLA. BRAMBLING. PASSERES. Bill conic, pointed. Noftrils oval, broad, naked. GENERIC CHARACTER. Bill ftrong, conic, ftrait, fharp. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Head, back of the neck, back, black, margins of the feathers rufous brown. Throat, forepart of the neck, and breaft, pale reddifh orange. Belly white. Wing: leffer coverts rufous pale. Quills brown with yellow edges. \ MoNTIFRINGILLA: alarum bafi fubtus flaviffima. Fx. Sv. 198. t, 2. f. 198.—Linn. fit. Nat. 1.79. 3. edit. 10. Montifringilla montana. Gefner av. 388. Bramble or Brambling. Will. Orn, 254. | G Mountain PLATE OL ey. Mountain-finch. Raz. /yn. av. 88. Brambling. Penn. Br. Zool. 126. Lath. Gen. fyn. 3. 26%. Le Montain. Selon. av. 372. Le Pincon d’ardennes. Brif. av. 3. 155. PI. enl. 54. fi. 2 Pinofch. Scop. N° 218. Queker, Bofinkins, Hore-Unge, Akerlan. Brunn. 255. Nioowitz ; Mecker, Piencken. Kram. 367. Bergfinck (Mountain finch). Fri/ch. 1. 3. This is not a very common bird in England. It is of the migra- tory kind and never builds here: is fometimes feen in large flocks, or in company with the Chaffinches. The colours of the female are not fo bright as in the male: in fome fpecimens of the latter the throat is black. Length rather exceeds fix inches. They are found in vaft abundance in France according to Buffon; and are faid to breed about Luxemburg, making the neft on the tall fir-trees, com- pofed of long mofs without, and lined with wool and feathers within. The eggs.are four or five in number, yellowifh, and fpotted: the young are fledged at the end of May. They are alfo found in the Pine forefts of Ruffia and Siberia. : PLATE ane i tbr List ‘ Nees sty r ‘ : a ) iy 4 Pinter iuilpasbensae be) — Pipe kB lL XA XVI. MOTACILLA SYLVIA? LESSER WHITE THROAT. PASSERES. Bill conic, pointed. Noftrils oval, broad, naked. GENERIC CHARACTER. Bill ftrong, conic, ftrait, fharp. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Above pale cinereous brown. Beneath whites ‘Tail brown: out- fide feather half white, fecond white at the end. MoracILLa SyLViAa: fupra cinerea, fubtus alba, re€trice prima. longitudinaliter dimidiato alba, fecunda apice alba. fn. Sv. 228.—Linn. Syft. Nat. 1. 185. 9- edit. 108 Lesser WHITE THroat. Lath. Suppl. n. 186. This fpecies has not been defcribed by Pennant in his Britifh Zoology, nor is it certain that any preceding author has noticed it as a Britifh fpecies. The Rev. Mr. Lightfoot found it near Bu//rode, G 2 in PLATE DAxxie in Buckinghamfhire, in May and June, and it is from a fpecimert found by him, and prefented to the late Duchefs of Portland, that our figure is taken. The neft on which the bird is placed is com- pofed of dry bents mixed with wool, and lined with a few hairs of fome animal, probably of a Cow. ‘There is at prefent only one egg in the neft*; it is cf a pale colour, with {mall irregular fpots of brown. It was the opinion of Mr. Latham, to whofe infpeGtion Mr. Light- foot fubmitted this bird, that it was perhaps the AZctacilla Sylvia of Linnzus; or that certainly it differed very little from it. Mr. Pennant nlfo feems undetermined whether the White Throat was the J. Sylvia of Linnzus ; though Berkenhout t gives it as that fpecies without hefitation.’ The opinion of Mr. Latham is of the moft importance ; and, if it does not pofitively comfirm our bird being the true J. Sylvia of Linnaeus it proves, at lealt, that the White Throat is not that bird as has been generally fuppofed f. | -The male arid female are very much alike. The fize is that of the Yellow Wren, length lefs than five inches. * Mr. Latham fays there were three in that which came under his infpectien. t+ Outlines of Nat. Hift. t “ That Linnzus’s bird is not our White Throat, I believe is manifeft, both from fize and colours. ‘Phat author exprefsly fays, that the fize fcarcely exceeds that of the Yellow Wren, and that it bears great affinity to the Sedge Bird. But that the bird in queftion is neither the Yellow Wren, nor Sedge Bird, 1 am clear, as I have all the three before me.” Lath. Suppl. Gen. Syn. 1. 186. We \ ‘ LAT EB LAX We have quoted the fpecific definition of AZ Sylua for this bird with diffidence, for it clearly appears that the tail in our fpecimen does not exactly agree with his character of that bird. G3 PLATE s \ ‘ os rag / s . 1 % 5 H a 1 £ { hve | ’ ‘s ’ Yes 3 f ; ‘ * + ee. Ah i} 2 eaelt. i reagty! pe ge ae : Sane pie fa wethaun ih aad sae y , Oo “YT oP Eh ER DRX EVIE LANIUS EXCUBITOR. GREAYF 54.R.MKE. ACCIPITRES. Birds of prey. Bill and claws ftrong, hooked. An angle in each margin of the upper mandible. Body mufcular. Females larger and more beautiful than the males. GENERIC CHARACTER. Bill hooked at the end. A notch in the upper mandible. Tongue jagged. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Crown and back afh colour. Underfide white. A black mark paffes through the eye. Wings black with a white ftripe. ‘Tail wedge fhaped, black in the middle, white on the fides. Lanius ExcusiTor: cauda cuneiformi lateribus alba, dorfo cano, alis nigris macula alba. Linn. Sy/t. Nat. I. p. Q4. 2. edit. Lo. : Sepp. Vog. pl. in. p. 121. Faun. Arag. p. 71. G 4 | Lanius Po ACT, ES Exe Lanius Cinereus. Gefn. av. 579. Lanius Cinereus, Collurio major. Aldr. av. Yr. 199. Great Surixe. Penn. Br. Zool. 33. N° 71. Lath. Gen. Syn. 1. 160. 4. Suppl. 51. 1. Caiefby Carolin. app. p. 36. } Greater Butcher Bird, or Mattagefs, Raii. Syn. p. 18. 4. 3. Will. Orn. p. 87. pl. 10. Albins 2. pl..13: Butcher Bird, Murdering Bird, or Shreek, Mer. Pinax, 170. Night Jar. Mort. Northampt. 424. | La Pie-griefche grife, Brif. Orn. 2. p. 141. N° 1. Buff Gif. p. 1. 296. pl. 20. —— Pl, enl. 445. Shrike Myn Murder. Turneri. Caftrica, Ragaftola. Olina, 41. Speralfter, Grigelalfter, Newntotder. Kram. 364, Warfogel. Faun. Suec. 80. Velch Skrakoper. Scopoli, N° 18. Berg-Aelfter, or Groffer Neuntodter. Frifch. 1. 59. The Great Cinereous Shrike is uncommon in England. It is of the migratory kind, coming in May and departing in September. We learn from Buffon that it is not fcarce in France. It is found ia Germany, Ruffia, and North America. In Ruffia it is trained to catch {mall birds; and the peafants value it becaufe they believe that it deftroys the rats, mice, and other vermin. The Pea bE RARE The favage peculiarities of this carnivorous tribe of birds have been already noticed in the account of the Wood Chat and Red-Back Shrike: it is only neceflary to add that this is the largeft kind found in this country, and is inferior to very few from foreign countries either in fize or courage. Its conflicts with larger birds are fome- times fevere; but the fmaller kinds it feizes by the throat and firangles: from this circumftance it is called, in Germany, the , Wearchangel, or Suffocating Angel.—The female differs from the male chiefly in the colour and markings of the breaft, that part being of a dufky white, and marked with a number of tranfverfe, femicircular brown lines. She lays fix eggs, of a dull olive colour, {potted at the thickeft end with black. The neft 1s compofed of heath and mofs, lined with wool. In North America, at Hudfon’s Bay, it is faid to build its neft half way up a Pine, or Juniper-tree, in Apmnil, and that the hen fits fifteen days*. FR Rn at a en prt re a en nm * Lath. Suppl. 5%. PLAT SE we has 6 + ~ i ~ ; a 3 Aa, tag ‘ ae ; erage ee ‘faa GP se ghaaeigd eA hs, Pe a v4 . e “ i ae, ee PEATE LAXAXVNE FRINGILLA MONTANA. MOUNTAIN, or TREE SPARROW. PASSERES. Bill conic, pointed, Noftrils oval, broad, naked. GENERIC CHARACTER, Bill ftrong, conic, ftrait, fharp. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Head, back, wings, tail, brown. Underfide of the body white, two bars of white acrofs the wing, fide of the neck white. Spot under the throat black. FrRinGILLA Monrana: remigious rectricibufque fufcis, corpore grifeo nigroque, alarum fafcia alba gemina. Lin. ! Syft. Nat. 1. b. 183. 28. edit. 10. Tree Sparrow. Pen. Br. Zail. 1. 339- 128. | Ar&. Zool. 2. 246. TREE Fincu. Lath. Gen. Sym. 3» p. 252. Yan de ) ; Le PLAT EEA: Le Moineau de Montagne, Pafler Montanus. £riff! Orn. 3. 79. Paffere Montano. Zunan. 81. Skov-Spurre. Brun. 267. Feldfpatz, Rohrfpatz. Kram. 370. Frifch. 1. 1. Grabetz. Scopoli, N° 220. omer This is rather fmaller than the Houle Sparrow. The female is duller in colour than the male; and has not the black marks on the fide of the head and throat In fome fpecimens the brown colour is more intermixed with black, or dark thades, than our bird; this change of colour has been often noticed in the Houfe Sparrow, which is fometimes quite black. We muft confider this as a ocal {pecies ; common in Lancafhire, Lincolnfbire, and York/bire only, n this country. It is very common in many parts of Europe: in Siveria it is more common than the Houfe Sparrow. It frequents trees, and, according to Sepp, builds its neftin a hollow. It is compofed of ents, mixed with feathers ; and contains five eggs of a pale biown, with fpots of a darker colour. Albin fearcely knew this fpecies, from which we may infer, tha; it has feldom been taken near the netropolis; he fays, <¢ This bird delights in mountainous woody places, not frequented. It was fhot by a gentleman in the country, and fent in a letter to me, by the name oi the Mountain Sparrow.” Vol. III. p. 62. . PLATE ew i ZANE PLATE UCXXXiX, TETRAO UROGALLUS. COCK OF THE WOOD, | OR WOOD GROUS. GALLINZA, Bill convex: the upper mandible arched. ‘Toes connected by a membrane at the bottom. ‘Tail feathers more than twelve. GENERIC CHARACTER. A bare {carlet {pot above the eye. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Head and neck grey, with black lines. Breaft green. Belly dark brown, with a few white fpots. A white fpot at the fetting on of the wing. Legs feathered to the toes. Terrao Urocattus: pedibus hirfutis, rectricibus exterioribus fubbrevioribus axillis albis. Fx. Sv. Lin. Sy/t. Nat. 1. 159. I. | Urogallus major (male). Grygallus major (female). Gefn. av. 490. 495: Gallo. PLAT © Uxxxim, Gallo cedrone, Urogallus five Tetrao. Aldr. av. 2. 29. “Gallo alpeftre, Tetrax. Nemefiani (fem.) Aldr. av. 2. 33s * Pavo Sylveltris. Guzrald. Topogr. Hibern, 706. Cock of the Wood. Rai Syn. p. 53. Wood Grous. A. I. Will, Orn. p. 172. ple 30. Penn. Br. Zool. 1. 92. pl 40. 4X. Arét. Zool, Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 729. 1. Mountain Cock and Hen. Albin. 2. pl. 29. 30. Le Coq ou le Tetras, Buff. Oi/. 2. p. 191. pl. 5. | ; Pl. enl. 73. 74. Le Coq de Bruyére. Brif. Orn. 1. p. 182. 1. Le Coc de bois ou Faifan bruyant. Belon. av. 249. Kjader. Faun. Suec. Sp. 200. Aurhan. Kram. 356. Auerhahn. Frifch. 1. 107. 108. Devi peteln. Scopolt, N° 169. Capricalca. Sib. Scot. 16. tab. 14. 18. conc rer aa TE Be eS LTE LEL EDIE SOLE ADEA This noble bird was formerly an inhabitant of the woody and mountainous parts of Scotland} and Irelandt. At this time it ts fuppofed to be extinG in Ireland; and in Scotland is found only in the Highlands north of Invernefs§. Mr. Latham fays, the laft bird * Peacock of the Woods, from its fine fhining green breatt. + Boethicus.—Defer. Regni Scotia. + Giraldus Cambrienfis. Topogr. Hiberne 706. § Rofsfhire. Sutherlandfhire, of PU AIT Eo EXXxix: of this kind found in Scotland was in Chicholm’s great foreft, in Strathglafs. Albin gave a figure of it in his Ornithology, publithed fixty years fince, and then he feems not to have known that it was a Britifh fpecies ; he calls it the Mountain Cock from Mufcovy. From this we may infer that the breed was nearly extirpated half a century ago. According to moft authors it thrives beft in cold countries. It is found in Italy, but only in the higher regions, where the air is bleak. In Ruffia it is not uncommon, particularly in the Afiatic part of that empire. “There is a variety of this fpecies much fmaller than the common fort, which is probably owing to-the fevere cold of the climate in which it lives, being found in Lapland and Norway, the fartheft extreme of Europe towards the Icy Sea. The male of this fpecies is two feet nine inches in length, breadth four feet, and is as large as a Turkey*. ‘The female is fmallery twenty fix inches in length. The bill is dufky, throat red, neck and back marked with tranfverfe bars of red and black: a few white fpots on the breaft, the lower part of an orange colour, belly barred with pale orange and black, the tips of the feathers white; the fea- thers of the back and fcapulars black, the edges mottled with black and pale reddifh brown: the fcapulars tipped with white, the inner webs of the quills dufky; the exterior mottled with pale brown: the tail of a deep ruft colour, barred with black and tipped with white. * In Scotland it is known by the name of Capercalze, Aver-calze, and in the old law books Caperkally : the laft fignifying the borfe of the woods. In Germany it is galled Aur-han, or Urus, Wild Ox Cock.—-Pennant. Thefe Pb ACT Ey GXXXDe ‘Thefe birds feed on many kinds of plants, and particularly on the tender fhoots and feeds of the Pine and Fir trees, which are in the greateft plenty in the forefts they frequent. “The males never affociate with the females, except from the beginning of February till the end | of March: when the male perches on a tree, with his tail fpread, the quills lowered to the feet, the neck protruded, and the feathers of the head ruffled. In this pofture it makes a loud and fhrill noife, like the whetting of a fcythe, and this it repeats till the females dif- cover its haunts. They lay from eight to fixteen eggs, of a white colour, fpotted with yellow, and larger than thofe of the common hen: thefe are depofited upon mofs, on the ground*. The females only, fit the whole time of incubation, and cover the eggs with dry leaves when fhe is compelled to leave them. The young run after the mother as foon as hatched. The flefh of the Wood Grous is much efteemed, except when it feeds on the berries of Juniper which communicates a very unpleafant tafte to it. * Mr. Latham fays of the laft bird of this kind fhot in Scotland, 6 I am well in- formed that the neft was placed on a Scotch Pine.” PLATE th py At a ae iy Rig ul ‘ily us 3, } ce Cras pro i PL a orge xc. STRIX PASSERINA. LITTLE OWL. ACCIPITRES. * Birds of prey. Bill and claws ftrong, hooked, an angle in each margin of the upper mandible. Body mufcular, Females larger and more beautiful than the males. * GENERIC CHARACTER. Bill “fhort, hooked, without cere. Head large. , A broad difk furrounding each eye. Legs feathered to the toes. ‘Tongue bifid. Fly by night. SPECIFIG CHARACTER AND va 0 nym S. Head fc, Giroular feathers on the face white tipped with black. Head, aoe and wing coverts, brown with white {pots. Underfide white {potted with brown. Srrix PassERINA: capite levi, remigibus albis: maculis quinque ordinum. Lyz. Syft. Nat. 1. p.93, 11. edit. 10. H Noctua PLAT: # xc. Noétua Minor. Rait. Syn. p. 26. N° 6. Little Owl. Penn. Br. Zool. N° 70. oh Lath. Gen. Syn. 1. p. 150. 40. Suppl. p. 48. 40. — Will. Orn. 108. Edw. Glean. t. 28. Albin. 2. t. 12. ‘La Cheveche. Belon. av. 140. La petite Chouette. Brif. Orn. 1. p. 514. N° §, Buff, Ofo 1sp.. 397. t. 286 ——— Pl. enl. 439. Klein fte Kautzlein. Frifch. ¢. 100. Tichiavitt. Kram. 324. La Civetta. Olina 65. ae Scop. N° 17. Krak-Ugle. Brunnich, 20. The Little Cwl appears to be no where a common bird ; in thjs country it is fcarce, and in France, Buffon informs us, it is alfo rare. Itis very feldom found in the woods, which others of the fame tribe inhabit, but frequents ruined edifices, caverns in rocks, and other fuch gloomy and folitary places. It lays five eggs, {potted with white and a yellowifh colour. In England it has been chiefly found in Yorkfhire and Flintfhire. _ This bird feems liable to much variation in colour. Buffon men- tions one from St. Domingo which had lefs white on the throat, and brown PE ATE OX brown bands on the breaft inftead of longitudinal {pots ; and another variety from Germany, with the plumage darker than ufual and black irides. Frifch has a figure of this bird with irides of a dark blue colour. The length of this fpecies is eight inches. Albin’s ‘figure is quoted in the Synonyms, but it is much more flender in jts form than our f{pecimen. PLATE bits jwloy tiga beteoaol to haaflint lab ‘it 9 ix a tad i ih { ti fei Dy TOAITLD bah gq “ont Y “4 imi? & & i BT f : a.) ¢ ad ‘ ¥ > te h ‘ et i H ‘ are os i »4 < Z ' as : : Ne toi + % ers Fee uy ea eininadt tea cs oa y; : f S “i h 5 ee x ' 7 i ~ f ry a ‘ iy 4 : oa : . b i ' 5 >. 1 ( . 7 ar See } ; : 5 i ae i ‘ a * o L ' ‘ ‘ { : = i A ‘ . ‘ A \ = , iSong t ‘ 3 mM . : fi . ¥ % 1 — ‘ » \ ‘ ‘ oF -* ; ‘ 5 a : \ ‘ ‘ ‘ J F iy ne G v ® ¥ . » it ¥ F ‘ \ { 4 , 1 NUM itan on \ : 3 i ) H ‘ t ‘ ‘ ’ y ! . * \ E 3 / ' Uy - - f hy r 4M J) pi \ 1 7 rit - 7 5 \ i x * Vo ca = . ‘ 7, v ~ i \ ‘ 4 a oe -~v f ; i ‘ , a “a % ta w \ ‘ { , 4 Pere 4 4 ' F ss PLA. E .xXCL FALCO SUBBUTEO. HOBBY. a ACCIPITRES. Birds of prey. Bill and claws ftrong, hooked. An angle in each margin of the upper mandible. Body mufcular. Females larger and more beautiful than the males. GENERIC CHARACTER. Bill arched from the bafe, which is covered with a wax-like mem- pe” ieee brane, or cere. ae SPECIFIC CHARACTER sae” a ND SYNONYMS. Cere yellow. Back brown. Back of the head white. Body pale with oblong brown fpots. Legs yellow. — Fatco Sugsurezo: cera pedibufque flavis, dorfo fufco, nucha albo, abdomine pallido maculis oblongis fufcis.—Linn. Syft. Nat. I. p. 89. 12. edit. 10. Dendre Falco, Rati. Syn. p.14. No.8. Heer Subbuteo, p. 15. No. 14. I wena.) S ABGilon, Py LA aE ey fEfalon, Aldr. av. [. 187. THe Hozgsy. Vill. Orn. p. 83. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 61. Ar&. Zool. 2. fp. 227 Os Lath. Gen. Syn. I. p. 103. 90. ——~ Suppl. p. 28. 90« Le Hobreau, Brif. Orn. 1. p. 375. Ne. 20. Buff. Oif. : B. 2a 7 ita Le. Belon. av. 118. Stein Falck. Frifch. t. 86. Laerke-Falk. Brunn. Lo. 11. The Hobby is found in the temperate parts of Europe. It was antiently ufed in falconry in this country, particularly in daring of Larks and other {mall birds. It is faid, that the Larks never venture to take their flight in fight of this bird; but that if it hovers over them, they mall remain motionlefs on the ground while the fowler draws a net over them. We find on comparing the different defcriptions given by authors of © this bird, with fpecimens that have fallen under our obfervation, that few birds vary more, in the colours of their plumage, than the Hobby: in fome the back is reddifh, or deep brown; in others almoft black witha bluifh caft. Again, we find fome with the back throughout of a. very deep lead colour; and others with the edges of the feathers of a pale yellow-brown. The breaft is generally of a pure white with dark {pots ; but thefe alfo vary: the white is tinged with a faint dirty~ brown in fome; and the {pots incline to brown, inftead of black, in others. The irides are brown of every fhade in different birds: one PLA tT HE XCEL one author * fays they are yellow. Some of thefe variations, we moft prefume, depend on the age of the bird; but one circumftance has been noticed in adult fpecimens that deferves particular notice, the vent and thighs, which are generally ferruginous or rufous, are fometimes white. Mr. Latham, fpeaking of this variation, fays he has a fpecimen, in which the thighs are dufky white, longitudinally marked with brown; and the vent of a plain white: one of our fpecimens alfo precifely agrees with this account. The length of the male bird is twelve inches, breadth two feet and three inches, weight feven ounces: the female is larger. & M. » Briffone 14 PLATE = y al Sy ¢ 4, cc sh hy eigen ae - ie ~ zi « ; . : f ra cya é ~ TE a ‘ s i . a i . f - x » ~ *. \ ‘ ' ‘ f x - - ‘ ruisncant Te bale the ——— PLise TE ‘XCIE MOTACILLA RUBICOLA. STONE.CHAAT. PASSERES. Bill conic, pointed. Noftrils oval, broad, naked. GENERIC CHARACTER. Bill ftrait, flender. “Tongue jagged. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYM S.- Breaft reddifh. Head black. A broad white mark on the wing ; and another on the fide of the neck. Sytvia Rusicora: grifea fubtus rufefcens, jugulo fafcia alba, loris nigris, uropygio maculaque alarum alba. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. p. 523+ 49- Moracitia Rusicota. Linn. Syft. Nat. 1. p. 232. No 17. edit. 3 Kram. el. 375. Scop. Ann. I, No. 236. ~Rubetra. § Aldr. av. 2. 325. StToneE-CHATTER. Penn. Br. Zool. t. No. 159. I3 STONE« PIA Eo eee, Srone-Cuat. Lath. Gen. fyn. 4. p. 448. 46. Stone-Smith, Stone-Chatter, Moor-Titling, Rai. Syn. p. 76. A. 4, Will. Orn. p. 235. pl. 41. Albin. 1. pl. §2. Le Traquet. Briff: Orn. 3- p. 428. No. 25. pl. 23. f. I. (male), Buff. Oif. 5. p. 215. pl. 13. | | Pi. enl. 678. f. 1. Le Traquet ou Groulard, Belon. av. 360. Pontza. Scopoli, No. 236. Occhio dibue. Zznan. 52. Criftofl. Kram. 375. saints RECO SNS ies SUA oan The Stone-Chat is a conftant inhabitant of this country. In Sum- mer it frequents heaths and commons: in Winter it retires to the marfhes, being the only places in which its favourite food, Infedts, is found in abundance. The length of this bird is four inches and three quarters. “The head of the female is ferruginous colour {potted with black : that of the male is entirely black: they differ very little in other refpects, except that the colours of the former are more obfcure aay in the other fex. Moft authors agree that this 1s a noify and reftlefs creature, incef- fantly flying from bufh to bufh, and always carefully concealing the place where its neft is depofited; never alighting on the fame fpot, but creeping to it on the ground in an artful manner. The neft is placed at the bottom of fome bufh, or under sihaie and ufually con- tains five or fix eggs, of a pale greenifh colour with marks of rufous. be Pee FE ORE The trivial Englifh name of this bird has been accounted for by Mr. Latham in a very curious manner; he fays, he cannot find it remarked any where for its having any fong. Buffon compares its note to the word ouz/frata frequently repeated ; but he has ever thought it exactly imitated the clicking of two {tones together, one being held in each hand. If others, fays he, have thought the fame, it will eafily account for the reafon of its being called the Svane-Chatier. [4 PLATE .- nay rs ‘ ~ = “ We 1 ’ ar ‘ , 4 aS ‘ ‘ U , : , } . Me 7% ‘ons OP 4 © ‘ ‘ $ 2 " uate . , < : j ‘ 1 - « p é ‘ Any " ma | bs aos t y ye / . ) i i ” : Bhi , \ - N = y ‘ i ~ \ ' ‘ ’ a 2 ‘ , ahs ’ 3 . - / . bs ¥. \ a! - aan 2, < : oe th CREE | meth : fish HBen a c ‘ 7 ‘ mn eR ath ot 445 — ce . .. - ww { _— , ea fax. a: “ ne “a: ? . b » a = . ’ "4 ay » 2S +.,. fetes 7 ae ; Apts PT AT EXCH. ANAS /EGYPTIACA. EGYPTIAN GOOSE. ANSERES. Bill obtufe, covered with a thin membrane, broad, gibbous below the bafe, {welled at the apex. Tongue flefhy. Legs naked. Feet | webbed or finned. GENERIC CHARACTER. Bill convex above, flat ‘beneath, hooked at the apex, with mem- ‘branous teeth. ) SPECIFIC CHARACTER : AND —SYNONITMS. Bill fomewhat cylindrical. Body waved and fpeckled with brown. Pe? pet of the wing spies lower part brown; a black ftripe ana. Rovertaca: roftro fubcylindrico, corpore undulata, vertice 2 albo, fpeculo alari candido fafcia | nigra. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. p. 840. 21. | Egyptian Goole. ae Gen. Syn. 6. p. 453. 16. Gambo Goofe, Will. Orn. pl. 71- : The Ganfer, Alin. 2 pl. 93- L’Oye d’Egypte, Brif. Orn. 6. p. 284. 9. pl. 27. - Buff: Oif. 9. p. 79. pl. 4. eae P], enl. 379. 982. 983. . 3 | Mr. PLAT £2 eee Mr. Latham has given this {pecies a place in his lift of the Birds of Great Britain; and we cannot furely incur difapprobation by follow- ing his example. If the authority of Mr. Latham is unfupported by the opinion of Mr. Pennant, we muff recollect that the Zoology of the latter author appeared many years before the Synopfis of Mr. Latham ; and probably the fpecies was not fo generally diffufed and domefticated in this country before the Britifh Zoology was publifhed, as fince that period. It is impoffible that we can account otherwife- for what reafon he excluded it, fince he has given the Peacock, Phea- fant, Guinea Hen, and other domefticated Birds of foreign extraction, which certainly had no better claim to his attention, in that work, than the beautiful Bird before us. This f{pecies is a native of Africa, particularly of the Cape of Good Hope: from the latter place vaft numbers have been brought ~ to this country ; and the climate favouring their increafe, the kind is not uncommon in many parts of the kingdom. It is rather an or- namental than ufeful {pecies, and is generally kept in Gentlemen’s ponds for pleafure. Albin publifhed a figure and defcription of this Bird from a fpeci- men reared in this country fixty years ago: he fays it fed on grafs and corn like other Geefe, and thus concludes his obfervations on the two fexes, ‘‘ The difference between the cock and hen could not: be diftinguifhed neither by the colours or fhape, but only by the cock’s running to the hen with open wings, clafping or embracing her round with them. I could not find any other name for them from the Poulterers but that of Ganfer. This bird comes neareft to Mr. Willoughby’s Gambo Goofe, the fpan in the wings excepted, page 360. tab. 71.°—Vide Albin. vol. ii. p. 84.” PLATS i i) } s mH PLATE XCIV. FALCO FESALON. __ MERLIN. ACCIPITRES. Birds of prey. Bill and claws ftrong, hooked, an angle in each margin of the upper mandible. Body mufcular. Females larger and more beautiful than the males. GENERIC CHARACTER. Bill arched from the bafe, which is covered with a wax-like cere _ or membrane. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS, Cere yellow. Head ferruginous. Body, above bluifh. Cinereous fpotted and {triped with ferruginous : beneath oe with oblong fpots, Legs yellow. Fatco AXsALon: cera pedibufque flavis, capite ferrugineo, corpore se fupra cerules cente-cinereo maculis ftrii{que fer- rugineis, fubtus flavicante-albo maculis oblongis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. p. 49. “i fifalon. Bellon. & Aldr. | Rai. Syn. pers. No. 15. Meruin. Will. Orn. p. 85. 63. | Penn. Br. Zool. No. 63. Lath. Gen. Syn. V. I. p. 106. 93. L’Emerillon PLAT? wom, L’Emerillon, Brif. Orn. 1. p. 382. No. 23. Belon. av. 118. Kleinfte rothe-falck, Frifch. t. 89. eee seen YE SR Mr. Pennant, and other writers on the Zoology of this country, {uppofed the Merlin never bred here, till Dr. Heyfham met with two nefts in Cumberland: they were placed on the ground like that of the Ringtail ; and in each were four young. The egg, formerly in the Portland Mufeum, was of an uniform purplifh brown colour, round- ifh, and one inch and a quarter in length. ‘The Merlin appears ‘in England when the Hobby difappears, which happens in O@tober. This fpecies, like the Hobby, feems to vary exceedingly in colour in different fpecimens ; in fome the back and wings are bluifh afh- colour *, in others ferruginous: the bars of clay-colour and dufky on the tail, are from thirteen to fifteen in moft birds; but Mr. Pennant fays, one he examined had only eight; our fpecimen has twelve bars acrofs. ~The length of the Merlin is twelve inches: though {mall, it was formerly trained for hawking, particularly for taking partridges, which fome authors fay, it could kill by a fingle ftroke on the neck. The Merlin flies low, frequents the fides of roads, and fkims from one part to another in fearch of prey. It is defcribed as a bird wanting neither cunning nor fpirit. It is at this time very fcarce in England, and feems to be uncommon in every part of Europe. * A fpecimen in the Leverian Mufeum anfwers to this defcription. PLATE ) AY il PLATE XCV. Cen VUS PLC A. MAG Pik. - Pica. Bill comprefied, convex. GENERIC CHARACTER. Bill ftrong, conic with briftles refleéted from the bafe downwards. Tongue bifid. ~ SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNO vr MS. Varied with black and white. ‘Tail thaped like a wedge. Corvus Pica: albo nigroque varius, cauda cuneiformi. Linn. Sy fi. Nat. 1. p. 106. 48. No. 10. edit. 10s Scop. ann. 1. p. 38. No. 41. Pica varia et caudata. Gefn. av. 695. Magpie or Pianet. Raii. Syn. p. 41. A. 1. : Will. Ora. p. 127. p. 19. Albin. 1, pl. 15. Pen. Br. Zool. 1. Na. 78. Lath. Gen. Syn, kul: p- 392+ 29. La PLA Pe Rey. La Pie. Brif. Orn. 2. p.35. No. 1. Buff. Oif. 3. p. 85. pl. 70 PI. enl. 488. Aelfter. Frifch. t. 58. “Kram. el. P3356 Guzza, Putta, Zinan. 66. Skata, Skiura, Skara, Faun. Suec. fp. 92. Danis Skade, Huus Skade. Norv. Skior. Tunfugl. Brunnich; 32. Praka. Scop. Ne. 38: SO: i The beautiful combination of vivid gloffes with which the plumage of this common bitd is enriched, has been fo little attended to in: paintings of it, that we are afraid we fhall be accufed of flattering its appearance, bya gaudy introduétion of unnatural tints in the annexed figure: to avoid fuch imputation we have ftridtly obferved, and ac- curately exprefled the colours from a fpecimen, in our colleétion, that had been taken in a ftate of nature. We are aware that the colours will vary in different fpecimens of every fpecies, but by cor- rectly reprefenting one that is perfect, it will convey a better idea of the bird than any of the ‘mutilated creatures kept in ‘cages fot amufement. The tail of the Magpie is particularly remarkable : its colours are more fplendid than any other part of the bird: its form is like a wedge; the two middle feathers eleven inches long, the reft decreafe gradually, the outermoft being only five inches and an half. The principal colour produced by reflection on the black part of the body is fine blue, or purple; the firft tint is very vivid on the wings. The fineft ren PE REV. fineft green is the predominant colour of the tail, which changes in ‘the folds to reddith yellow, with a. gilded hue, fine brown, blue, purple, and fhades of gloffy black throughout. "Thefe colours cannot be feen at a diftance, becaufe they are produced only by the light - falling in a particular direCtion, and all the bright gloffes affimilate with the blacker hues when the bird is removed far from the eye of the {pectator. It would be tedious to enlarge on the pecular habits of a bird, that is familiar to every ruftic inhabitant in the kingdom. In all its actions it difcevers a degree of inftin& fuperior to moft birds. In many refpects it refembles the crow ; like that creature, it feeds in- difcriminately on every kind of food, Infects, grain, fmall birds, or their eggs, carrion, and even young poultry. Sometimes it procures its food by ftratagem, at others by annoying larger animals when it has no danger to apprehend from them. It is often feen perched on the back of a Sheep or a Cow, picking off the Infects that infeft them. In this refpect we allow them to be ufeful ;*but if they re- lieve the poor animals from their fmaller enemies, they fubject them to their own uncontroulable infolence, and fometimes pick out the eyes of animals that attempt to refiftthem. Ina domeftic ftate it is often taught to repeat words, or fentences. It does not imitate the human voice with the fame facility and propriety as the parrot, but fufficiently diftinét to be underftood. Its great fhare of inftin& is clearly demonftrated by the fituation and manner in which the neft is built: it is placed confpicuoufly on the top of fome tree, or ina hawthorn bufh, but is always fenced below by brambles and other thick bufhes, that make it difficult of accefs. The neft is compofed of thorny twigs well ynterwoven, and has the thorns Pulp A TPR ACV thorns fticking outwards: it is lined with wool, feathers and roots, and is plaiftered within with fine mud. It is defended above by a thorny covering, and has an entrance juft large enough to admit the bird. ‘The Magpie lays fix or feven eggs of a greenifh colour, {potted with black. PLATE Sew UU eee Peg. Bo VE STERNA MINUTA. i 2-S Sok Ry Tok RN. ANSERES. Bill obtufe covered with a thin membrane, broad, gibbous below the bafe, {welled at the apex. ‘Tongue flefhy. Legs naked. Feet webbed or finned. — GENERIC CHARACTER. Bill ftrait, flender, pointed. Noftrils narrow, on the bafe of the bill. Tail forked. Feet webbed. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Tail forked, body white, back grey. Head. black, front white, the white continued in a band over each eye. STeRNA MinuTa: cauda forficata, corpore albo, dorfo cano, fronte fuperciliifque albis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. p.809.19. Larus Pifcator. Gefn. av. 587. fig. 588. | Lesser Tern. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 155. pl. go. Arét. Zool. No. 449. | Lath. Gen. Syn. v. 6. p. 364. 18. K Leffer PLATE XCYE Leffer Sea Swallow. Raii. Syn. p. 131. A. 2. Will. Orn. p. 353. pl. 68. Albin. 2. pl. go. La petite Hirondelle-de-Mer. Brif. Orn. 6. p. 206. 2. pl. 19. figs 2. Buff. Oif. 8. p. 337. - Pl. enl. 996. Larus Pifcator. Gefn. av. 587. fig. 588. Hetting Terne. Brun. 152. | Five {pecies of this tribe of birds are natives of this country, if we include the Brown Tern mentioned by Mr. Latham as a doubtful kind, and not noticed by Mr. Pennant. The three Terns defcribed in the Britifh Zoology are the Greater or Common*, Black t, and Leffer Terns: the two former being in the early. part of this work we deem it unneceffary to defcribe them in this place: the latter, which is the fubject reprefented in the annexed plate, is rather {maller than the Brown enn the body is confiderably lefs; but the wings are nearly as long, meafuring between the tips when expanded twenty inches: the length is about eight inches and an half. The haunts and manners of this bird are nearly the fame as thofe of the Common Tern; it feeds on fmall Fifh and Infeéts, lives on the fides of rivers, or on the fea coaft, and breeds amongtt the rufhes. The egg is about an inch and a half in length, of an olive colour with reddifh blotches. They leave their breeding-places at the approach * Sterna Hirunds. + Sterna Fiffipes. 4 of Pra TE URCVT, of winter. ‘This bird is found alfo in the fouthern parts of Ruffia, and in America. Albin has given this fpecies and the Black Tern, or a variety of it, as male and female, in Plate 89 and go, Vol. IT. PLATE - ¢ ai i (RAGA eit Akan erm e Coes we IT, TETRAO TETRIX. PLAC @eGERO LS. GALLINZA. | Bill convex : the upper Mandible arched. Toes connected by: a membrane at the bottom. ‘Tail feathers more than twelve. GENERIC CHARACTER. A bare fcarlet {pot above the eyes. Legs feathered to the feet. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND "Sr NO NY BES, Blue black. ‘Tail forked. Lower half of the {condary feathers of the wings white. Terrao Tetrix. Linn. Syft. Nat, T ETRAO TETRIX : nigro-violacea, cauda bifurca, remigibus fecun- | dariis verfus bafin albis, Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. p. 635. 3. Scop. Ann. I. No. 169, Kram. el. py 350. 2. Gmel, Syft. I. p. 748. ML Urogallus PDA'T BE Xai Urogallus minor, Rai. Syn. p. 53. A. 2. Will, Orn. pl 124. te 41. Black Cock, Black Grous, Albin. v. 1. pl. 22. Penn. Br. Zool. 1. No. 93. pl. 42.—Ar&. Zool. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4s p. 733+ 3- Le Coq de bruyeres a queue fourchue. Buff. 2. p. 210. t. 6.——— Pl. enl. 142, 173. | Birckhahn, Gunth. Nef. u. Ey. t. 34. Orre, Faun. Suec. fp. 102. Berkhan Schildhan, Kram. 356. Gallo sforcello, Scopoli. No. 169. The Black Cock, like- the Cock of the Wood, is feldom found, except in northern countries ; in thofe near the fouth, which it fometimes inhabits, it prefers the coldeft fituations amongft woods and mountains: it feeds on the birch trees and mountain fruits. In Ruffia and Siberia, they are very abundant, as they were formerly in Scotland, Wales, and the north of England ; at prefent they are much diminifhed in this country, and, perhaps, may become as fcarce as the Cock of the Wood is at prefent, the flefh being much efteemed, and therefore eagerly fought for. It feems to partake greatly of the habits of the Cock of the Wood; it frequents the fame fituations, and fubfifts on the fame kind of food. It never pairs with the females; but, in the fpring, the male afcends fome eminence, crows, and claps his wings, and the females, attentive to his note, refort to the fpot. The P WA TE” XCVU. The female is much fmaller than the male. _ Its length is eighteen inches, weight two pounds; the colours are red, black, and dufky white, which are difpofed in alternate bars and fpots, in different direCtions. The moft remarkable part of the male bird is the tail, which confifts of fixteen feathers ; the exterior ones curve very much outwards, and give it a forked appearance ; but when the tail is expanded, it refembles a large fan. Length of the male is twenty- one inches. ‘The female lay fix or eight eggs, of a yellowifh colour, fpeckled with ferruginous, and blotched at the fmall end with the fame * colour. The young males leave the female parent in the beginning of winter, and keep in flocks, of fix or eight, till {fpring. They are very quarrelfome, and fight like game-cocks, Ei PE Ae & ; 4 € . ¥ i ae a=. oe ‘hy a ee ty eo RS Mee rg tthe i ieylt ee gy “ep oa Sa aan ae 4 etme sath Wg ¥ AED Boyd hd eae r Ag + Pls oo He Rare a“ . ) ‘ine ot ie ; ' aay. AP ae { 4 k r ; Ra. i at hy N ry Oe ‘ a \ ~ & ‘ fy 1 " ‘ « Ke { Hy ¥ ) ¥ 5 4 - - , a ¥ 4 i = el i j ; i ie ; ‘ ms ; ora . be x ; . t * vi ‘ a ce a re) aT Sth . i i ‘nl \ An fle AW i) v4 i } iP ; ’ f hed ® 4 ! { mi he +) Ks Pie er XCVEM. ARDEA GARZETTA. " EGRET. GRALLZ, Bill roundifh. Tongue entire, flethy. highs naked. Toes divided. GENERIC CHARACTER. Bill ftrait, long, acute. Toes four. SPECIFIC CHARACTER i hy " 4 mt. Wa? AND jit is MRE si ae ey j ‘SYNONYMS: | *%, «Bill blac. Phar of the head petted: Body white. Lore and feet great ms aia . ARDEA Gaidrda’ Linn. Syft. Nat. Arpea GarzeTra. Occipite "criltato; corpore albo, ‘roftro nigro, loris pedibufgue virefcentibus. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. ps 694. 64. Ardea Alba minor feu Garzetta. Razi. Syn. av. 99. Will. Orn. p. 280. Egret. Pen. Br. Zool. Appen. pl. 7.—Aré. Zool. No. 347° Little Egret, Lath, Gen. Syn, 5. p- 90 59- fh L2 Dwarf Pi AT Ei Orin, Dwarf Heron, Barbot 29. L’Aigrette, Buff. Oif. 7. p. 372. t. 20.—Pl. el. gor. Kleiner Weiffer Rager. Kram. 345. Amongft the number of curious and elegant fpecies that have been extirpated in this country, the Englifh Naturalift will moft regret the lofs of this bird. It was formerly very common, and its flefh much admired. It formed a part of many of the old Englith feafts ; and, amongtt others, that recorded by Leland, which was given by George Nevell, archbifhop of York, in the reign of Edward the Fourth, alone included ‘* one thoufand Egrittes.” At this time it is confi- dered fuch a rarity, that Mr. Pennant obferves, in his Appendix to the Britifh Zoology, ‘* We once received out of Anglefea the feathers of a bird fhot there, which we fufpect to be the Egret ; this is the onlyeinftance, perhaps, of its being found in our country.” The fame author adds, in another part, ‘‘ We have never met with this bird, or the Crane, in England, but formed our defcriptions from {pecimens in the elegant cabinet of Dr. Mauduit, in Paris.” In fome foreign countries it is ftill very common: is found in feveral parts of Europe:and Afia: it is alfo faid to be found in Africa, and on the American continent. The weight of this bird is one pound, the length about eleven inches ; the appendage of loofe feathers, which is fituated on the back, and hang over the rump, were anciently ufed to decorate caps, or head pieces ; and hence the ornament to a cap, in later times, was called an aigrette. PLATE = ae 1 " e . \ 5 t td ny 5 \ 2 rs ‘ ‘ ' ‘ ree Ea, COLYMBUS ua aay IMBER DIVER. ANSERES. Bill cote covered with a thin membrane, broad, gibbous below the bafe, {welled at the apex. Tongue flethy. Legs naked. Feet webbed or finned. \ Pe GENERIC CHARACTER. Pet Bill ftraight, flender, pointed. Noftrils ccor, at the bafe of the: pa! C3 near i tail. Feet webbed. ) ig are _ sprcrFIC CHARACTER my ? Sal ” has A , inn Syf Nat. 2 eee : corpore fupra nigricante albo undulato fubtus toto albo. Lath: Ind. Orn. 2. 800. 2. rae Gmel, Syft. I. 588. EmzZer Goose, Sibbald Scot. 21.—Wallace Orkney 16.——Debes Ferree Ifles 138. G. sink? s Greater Doucker. Wil. Orn. 342. Rati. Syn. av. 126. Na. 8. SMe 4 Imber PLATE Som, Imber Diver. Br. Zool. No. 238. Lath. Gen. Syn. §. 340. 2. Le Grand Plongeon. Briffan 6. 105. Lab. 10. Buff. Oif. 8. p. 251.—Pl. Enl. gr4. NRE The Imber Diver inhabits the feas about the Orkney and Ferroe Iflands, and never vifits the fouthern parts of Great Britain, except in fevere winters. Living chiefly at fea, it is taken with much dif- ficulty. If purfued when fwimming, it dives under the water, and does not appear again till it is at a confiderable diftance from its purfuers. It is often caught under water by a hook, baited with {mall fifth. Willoughby fays, they are fometimes taken in this manner fixty feet under water. Being rarely feen on land, it has been believed that it never quitted the water, and that it hatched its young in a hole formed by nature under the wing. Naturalifts have difcovered its neft among reeds and flags in the water, where it is kept continually wet, as in fome of the Grebe genus. This fpecies is larger than the common goofe : the length is about twenty-five inches. The male is faid to be diftinguifhed by a few brown fpecks on the fide of the neck, and by having the colours throughout more defined than in the female: fome authors have, however, confidered the fuppofed females as birds not in an adult fate. ‘ PLATE \ h j uy Salat (a I * > - 2 PEs Ad toeecaly 4 = P J ~ i a . A ; F 5 iy ‘ } : f | / i ai : peal, : ¥ * , 4 : ‘ f x ct r - } ‘ i > % ” | ee 4 . ‘ . \ ‘ + 4 = fue a fe y vy ce “y - i ae - . h i F e R ‘ Ins A \ ) (¥ { ; A r % 4 , 5 ‘ v « 4 ra H on ~ ¢ ~ 4, ~ oe Y ae i = ¥ ’ ’ Vie . : 5 ~ a i ‘ : , - ¥ - Te fae es md é a : a} ‘ Abt sh ae + a Mi \ ) Pi a Y 5 * i erty : ; y wa | ’ o 7” ee ‘ 1 . : > x A ue , a) * . n F 4 “ xi a ry hd it . Y Hw i ; 5 ' \ ; 1 , . . * h i u 4g ‘ 5 fa : t 4 ‘ y's 0 ’ ‘ r { 4 : x ] . . ~, . ; é ' \ ) ' 7 H ‘ \ rT . . \ , | sad f ‘ \ ‘ ' w ? ‘ ; , rt ' 4 ' Pde y ul i r \ ; Lott \' i , \ \ | ; iW ‘ en iy Sti ) Oils Fe 1, V 4. lA 4 . »* : roe rr c ALCEDO ISPIDA. ' KINGSFISHER. Picz. Bill comprefied, convex. * , seflierwoe GENERIC CHARACTER. Bill triangular, thick, ftrait, long. Tongue fhort, fharp. it 4 Pa 5 ream NONYMS. § t blue. Beneath rufous. Lore brown. Chin whitifh. Pity JA. Brachyura, fupra coerulea, fubtus fulva. Linn. he vy ha. Ke Tra Y Sy L Nat. edit. To. WD ese gat A ee 5 he ; : ns rach. Suboriftata coerulea, fubtus rufa, loris Lath. Ind. Orn [* p. 252. 20 ° 448. " j Faun, Arag. 2, ib vik 3a Scop. FL AT aan. Scop. an. 1. p. 55. No. 64. Rait. Syn. p. 48. Noi A. EF. Kingsfither. Lath. Gen. Syn. 2. p. 626.—Suppl. 113. Kingsfifher. Wii), Orn. p. 146. 1. 24. Albin I. pl. 54. Pennant. Br. Zool. 1. 246. pl. 38. Le Martin-péfcheur, Brif. Orn. 4. p. 471. No. I. Le Martin-péfcheur, ou l’Alcyon. Buff. Oif. 7. p. 164. Pl. enl. m7, Piombino, Martino pefcatore, Pefcatore del re. Zinan. 116. | ‘ Isfogel. Muf. Fr. ad. 16. Scopoli, No. 64. Eifvogel. Frifch. 2. 223. Meerfchwalbe. Kram. 337. = ET eA LN ERO The Kingsfifher is feven inches in length; its weight is one ounce and a quarter. It is almoft needlefs to remark, that this bird is e{teemed the moft beautiful of the feathered race that inhabits the fouth of Europe. In its form it is rather inelegant ; but its colours are fine throughout: the azure of its back is exceedingly bright; and when the creature is hovering in the air, in a fine day, it appears tefplendent in the higheft degree. The abfurd fiGiions that poets, in the vigour of their imagi- nation, have formed concerning this bird, have particularly in- clined naturalifts to examine its manners of life with attention. The poets placed it in a floating neft, during the time of incubation, and endowed it with power to calm the adverfe winds and feas. Ariftotle and Pliny tell us, that this bird is moft common in the feas of Sicily: that it fat only a few days, and thofe in the depth of winter, P Yaa 1) @, winter, and during that period the mariner might fail in full fecu- rity, for which reafon they were ftyled Halcyon days*. Among the moderns, its flefh has been thought unperifhable, and capable of preferving woollen and other veftments from decay ; and it has alfo been fuppofed to turn its breaft to the north when hung up dead. Specimens of this bird are brought from almoft every part of the world: in England it is not uncommon: it frequents the fides of running ftreams, and takes its prey, which confifts entirely of fifh, by darting on it in the water. It makes no neft, but lays feven or more, beautiful tranfparent white eggs, in a large hole in the bank of a river or ftream. * Pennant. INDEX — ees be ’ a P| ie he di er a eA CASS eee! HA Lo * ira Ye rr” hee a oN as t a / aN yeh ‘ Pas 4 Baa Y - on ee ye ae alse \ . an er . at oi a ae wid ane ete VR on tN y ‘ ' ( ‘ re i hy { wor 1h aN te Nid -* ‘ Di ca 7 Pe ee Tame Aa 4 % . save ; wid 4 ~ en nt wih Wea ah hil NS RLF ba! a re) 2 a as j , pose astm tay di Hane . + ‘ nl , i a ‘ tia | ‘ HHP Ree ie , i ' / om, ae, 4 vai bea Sal ae a re ate wee HPA a ‘ Vid , 6 ee ey 4 loon ctl sida Y f( “/ = i ‘ i “2 * “gp Chee mh. i, tii’ \ i 4 pot y rn ‘ fH adi Wi Tn . ‘ a , . . £ et \ tary i L fae 6 ge , Cae r) wag ' a ah om | 6 ‘ - X } vt Ki 4 be ~ . \ we > te: at et Wald ee y 4 . wa 4 as wd Wr a PN DE 4¢fo@-V00 L, IV, ARRANGEMENT ACCORDING TO THE Yo TEM or. LIN N 4AyiLs, reir eT. AG Cd Pal & Ress. Plate FALCO SUBBUTEO Ves "og ince - = - Of Faico /EsALon - - “ - = | OW @5TRIx PASSERINA “ 7 - - - go Lanius ExcuBiTor ~ - ~ = - 8 Lanius Rurus - ~ - . - 84 OgR DE RH. PLC A. Corvus CARYOCATACTES ea - - 80 CORVUSPICA - - = - - - 95 Yunx Torauitia ~ “ae - - 8 Sirta Evropa#a - - - x 4p Oe Axcepo Isprpa - mee fae - - 100 PON? DV om. O.R DER II. ANSERES. Anas. JEGYPATICA a 3 _CorymBus SEPTENTRIONALIS - CoLtymsus IMMER oe te a Larus HyBerNnus as i i STERNA MINUTA a je z STERNA FISSIPES . is hs ORDER IV. GRALLE. ARDEA Mayor = ue pa yu ScOLOPAX ALGOCEPHALA ze B Of DE KY. GALLINE. TeTRAO UROGALLUS i o e Terrao Terrix “ a i a ee OR DER VI. PASSERES. ALAUDA OBSCURA 2 2 ys FrRINGILLA MONTANA - A i 97 Bh Ny Bh Ey Plate FRINGILLA MONTIFRINGILLA - - nh | = BS MoTAciLiLa SyYLvIA?. « is as -— te MoraciLLa PHANICURUS a - - =" $2 ~Moracitia RusBICcOLA - - - - 92 Parus ATER - . - s = - 499 V OF; ew ple se V O08 ae ARRANGEMENT ACCORDING TO LATHAM’s SYNOPSIS or BIRDS. DIV PTSION. I: .\ Manp Berns, O RD fer fT. RapPacious. GaN UW S AI. Fauco SussuTeo, Hoxssy i = - Fatco Aisaton, MERLIN a 2 My GENUS III. Strix Passerina, Lit TLe Own - > ORDER II. Piss. GaE NOU 8! IV: Lanius Excusitor, GREAT CINEREOUS SHRIKE Lanius Rurus, Woop CHaTr - = - r GENUS XI. Corvus Pica, MacpPiE ~- - # Corvus CARYOCATACTES, NUTCRACKER - Plate - gf - 94 2 9° 87 ~ | Sz 7 95 at - SO Len .D,-E --X. Cen US XxX. Yunx Toravyitta, Common WryneEck GEN US XXIII. Atcepo Ispipa, Common KINGSFISHER - GEN US XXL: Sirta Evropaia, EvuroprEan NUTHATCH “ ORDER III. Passerine; GENUS XXXVII. FrRINGILLA MonTIFRINGILLA, BRAMBLING a FrincittaA Montana, TREE SPARROW - GENUS XXXIXx, At Aupa Osscura, Dusky. Lark ss . G ENO SX Lk: (Sylvia Lath.) Moracitia Rusicota, Stone CHAT = Moracitia PHoenicurus, REDSTART e Moraciiia Syivia, Lesser Waite THroat GEN US-XLII. Parus ATER, COLEMOUSE s = Z ‘OR DER IV. ° Corumeine, GE Nees LI. Terrao UrocaLtius, Woop Grous - 2 Tetrao Terrix, Brack Grous i M Too Sr Nu D i wa DIVIST ON, JL @ Wate pices ORDER VII... Wrru Croven Feet. GsEeN UsS) “av: ARDEA GARZETTA, EGRET “ 3 i. fc ARDEA CINEREA, COMMON HERON fe _ a GEN US LXV. SCOLOPAX AL.GOCEPHALA, COMMON GODWIT - OR DER IX. WeEsB-FOOTED. J GENUS LXXXVI. CoLtyMBus SEPTENTRIONALIS, RED-THROATED DIVER CoLtymsus IMMER. Imeper Diver - al 3 GENUS LXXXVIII. Sterna Mrnuta, Lesser TERN é L 2 STERNA Fissipes, BLack TERN < 2 « GEN UWS. EXkxXls. Larus Hysernus, WinTER GULL Sait ae = G.E NeU S XCIt. ANAS ALGYPATICA, EGYPTIAN GOOSE - - - 48 99 77 93 VOL. Ye DOE. XM iG i. AV: ALPHABETICAL ARRANGEMENT. Plate JEgypatica, Anas, Egyptian Goofe 2 ai =\i O2 _/Egocephaia Scolopax, Common Godwit - amy TS fEfalon, Falco, Merlin - s a t. = |) 94 Ater, Parus, Colemoufe - = a a ~ 79 Caryocatactes, Corvus, Nutcracker - - af SiG Cinerea, Ardea, Common Heron - - ea Europza, Sitta, European Nuthatch - - ~ && Excubitor, Lanius, Great cinereous Shrike - - 87 Fiffipes, Sterna, Black “Tern - - - - FA Garzetta, Ardea, Egret = - - - - =i OS Hybernus, Larus, Winter Gull - = - - 99 Immer, Colymbus, Imber Diver ie “ | 96 Ifpida, Aicedo, Common Kingsfifher = = = 2eo Minuta, Sterna, Leffler Tern a - ‘s ~ "96 Montana, Fringilla, Tree Sparrow - ~ - 88 Montifringilla, Fringilla, Brambling = - - 85 Obfcura, Alauda, Dufky Lark - Ae eee iy. Pafferina, Strix, Little Owl ae 2 ‘ = A) 90 Phoenicurus, Motacilla, Redftart = = - 82 Pica, Corvus, Magpie = “ : = oi O05 Rubicola Motacilla, Stone Chat = - oe te = 1862 _ Rufus, Lanius, Wood Chat quae es a oA Subbuteo, Falco, Hobby 2 “ ‘3 - OI Sylvia, Motacilla, Leffler White Throat = — -~ 86 Tetrix, Tetrao, Black Grous ay | | n = = ar Torquilla, Yunx, Common Wryneck - * - 83 Urogallus Tetrao, Wood Grous ou - - 89 2 er Ej ne ~ ado is £5 id 4 . = 7? £ , 4 ‘ t f ‘ %. 5 z% , ' é ® q % ‘ t : y AP. : s - | ‘ t. ees i Y ’ | oo ¥ say i ve ' ) raf | } . “a i ‘ y a ny 4 20 jis ois} oy =i ~ ’ - le, — ¥ Ded — te = Fe pa * + ™ Sac, oy im = “ss “= -